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اردو کے نامور محققین (حافظ محمود شیرانی)

اردو کے نامور محققین(پروفیسر حافظ محمود خان شیرانی)
پروفیسر حافظ محمود شیرانی ادب کے مورخ اور محقق ہونے کے علاوہ عتیقیات کے بھی منفرد ماہر تھے۔ علم سکہ شناسی، کتبہ شناسی، مہر شناسی، تصویر شناسی، قدیم کاغذ، روشنائی، آرائش، نقش ونگار اور علم خط میں مہارت کی وجہ سے تصنیفات کے تاریخی مغالطوں کو کامیابی سے دور کرنے میں ید طولی رکھتے تھے۔پروفیسر شیرانی کی تین حیثیتیں نمایاں تھیں؛استاد،مورخ اور محقق حافظ محمود خان شیرانی کی پیدائش 5 اکتوبر 1880ء کو ہوئی جبکہ آپ کی وفات 14 فروری 1947ء کو ہوئی۔وہ معروف رومانوی شاعر اختر شیرانی کے والد تھے۔۔ انہوں نے اسلامیہ کالج لاہور اور اورینٹل کالج لاہور میں اردو کی تدریس کی۔ ان کے وفات کے بعد شائع ہونے والے مقالے مقالاتِ حافظ محمود شیرانی میں ان کے فرزند لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض اوقات علامہ اقبال بھی ان سے بعض اصلاحات کے متعلق دریافت کیا کرتے تھے۔ ان کی وفات ٹونک میں ہی ہوئی ان کے خاندان والے تقسیم ہند کے بعد پاکستان چلے آئے۔آپ زیادہ تر انگلستان میں رہے اور مشہور ناشر لیوزک کے ہاں نوادر و عتیقیات کے مبصر کے طور پر کام کرتے رہے۔اسی زمانے میں انہوں نے عتیقیات کی نباضی سیکھی اور وہ نظر حاصل کی جو کسی اعلی فن شناس کو عطا ہوتی ہے۔
ان کا علمی کام زیادہ تر تحقیق زبان اور تحقیق واقعات سے متعلق ہے۔ انہیں سب سے زیادہ شہرت دو موضوعات کی بنا پر حاصل ہوئی؛ اول تنقید شعرالعجم سے، دوم پنجاب میں اردو کی وجہ سے۔تنقید شعرالعجم میں درحقیقت ساری فارسی شاعری کی ایک بے قاعدہ تاریخ آگئی ہے۔ حافظ شیرانی نیگہرے مطالعے سے 'شاہ نامہ فردوسی' اور 'محمود غزنوی' کے بارے میں صدیوں سے پائی جانے والی غلط فہمیوں کو دور کیا۔حافظ شیرانی نے خارجی شواہد کے علاوہ داخلی شہادت کے طریقے سے دیوان حسن،...

SCHOOL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES FOR IMPROVED ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

The study investigated school business competencies for improved administrative effectiveness in Public Secondary School in Rivers State. Three research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 286 principals in all the public secondary schools in Rivers State. A sample of 166 through a stratified random technique was determined using the Taro Yamane formula. The instrument of the study was a self design instrument captioned “School Business Management Competencies Questionnaire (SBMCQ) and Principal Administrative Effectiveness (PAE) with the reliability coefficients of 0.77 and 0.84 respectively which was determined through the Cronbach alpha statistics. Mean scores and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was sued to test the hypothesis. It was discovered that the highest kind of business available in the public school is related to cafeteria / canteen services and that also to a high extent, resourcefulness as a business management competency improves administrative effectiveness in public secondary schools in Rivers State. It concluded that for the school administrators to manage the school business effective (administrative effectiveness), they must possess the core competence of resourcefulness, conceptual thinking and administrative organisation. It was recommended among others that the principal should have a comprehensive understanding of the school complex nature and also think critically at both abstract and concrete level to harmonize a rather multifaceted business challenges in the school and proffer realistic solutions.

Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan

This study is focused on the seismic hazard analysis of Pakistan with special emphasis on the development of input parameters. Initially, comprehensive catalogues of both historically reported and instrumentally recorded earthquakes of Pakistan was prepared using a wide range of data sources. Quality of the instrumental earthquake catalogue was assessed by the magnitude of completeness (Mc) using different methodologies, and Stepp’s methodology was found the most adequate. The attenuation relationships were derived by carrying out multiple regression analysis of the macro-seismic and strong motion data. Predicted values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) from these relationships were found in conformity with the observed values of PGA. However, proposed attenuation models somewhat overestimated PGA values in near field region for larger earthquakes (Mw > 7.0). It may be either due to the site nonlinearity effects resulting from high intensity of ground shaking or owe to the factors like geology of the area, fault type, directivity of the fault rupture and other source parameters. A comparison of PGA values assimilated by using Next Generation Attenuation relationships (NGAs) and newly developed attenuation models with the observed values also showed a close proximity, which demonstrates the robustness and applicability of these relations for a wide range of earthquakes. Seismo-tectonic model considering more than 50 faults and 18 seismic source zones provided a future reference for any seismic hazard studies concerning the study area. Deterministic seismic hazard assessment (DSHA) of federal capital and four provincial capitals revealed that Quetta (PGA = 0.35g, vmax = 45cm/sec) was more susceptible to seismic hazard than other cities as Quetta lies near to Chaman Fault, which demonstrated a maximum magnitude potential value of 8.3. Whereas Lahore, capital of the Punjab province, was found to be the least prone to earthquake hazard. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of these cities, and on 0.1o x 0.1o grid for 2%, 5% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50, 100 and 250 years in terms of total hazard curves, uniform hazard spectra and seismic hazard maps provided basis for future structural design and analysis. PSHA results also complemented the DSHA results showing Quetta as the most vulnerable to earthquakes. The seismic hazard maps, however, stressed the need to investigate some regions like Quetta and Muzaffarabad- Balakot areas in detail. The design response spectra (DRS) and compatible time histories were also developed for these cities of Pakistan in order to better design and analyze the future and existing structures. Among the methods used for the construction of DRS, the Newmark & Hall method was found the least conservative and International Building Code (IBC) the highest conservative. However, Building Code of Pakistan (BCP) yielded the intermediate values. The spectral acceleration values and PGA values derived from DRS compatible time histories were highest for the Quetta city.
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