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فصل سوم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہم عبادات

ایمان لانے کے بعد انسان پر سب سے پہلے عبادت کا ادا کرنا لازم ہے ہر مذہب میں عبادت کا ایک خاص طریقہ ہوتا ہے جو مخصوص طریقے کے ساتھ ادائیگی کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح اسلام میں بھی نماز، روزہ، حج اور زكوة عبادات کی مختلف طرق ہیں اصل عبادت کی غایت یہ ہے کہ معبود صرف اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ ہی کو ماننا ، صرف اسی کی عبادت کرنا ہر چیز میں اسی سے مدد طلب کرنا اسی کو حاجت روا اور مشکل کشا سمجھنا اسی کو مالک، خالق اور رب تسلیم کرنا اسی سے التجاء کرنا، ہر چیز کے لئے اسی کو پکارنا اور یہ یقین رکھنا کہ اللہ کے سوا کسی کے دائرہ اختیار میں کوئی چیز نہیں ہے اگر وہ نفع پہنچانا چاہے تو اسے کوئی روکنے والا نہیں ہے اور اگر ضرر پہنچائے تو اس کو کوئی ہٹانے والا نہیں ہے ہر طرح کی عبادت مثلاً قیام، رکوع، سجدہ صرف اسی کے لئے خاص ہے اور کسی اور کے سامنے جھکنا جائز نہیں۔

 انسانوں سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے انکی تخلیق سے پہلے ایک وعدہ لیا تھا جس کا ذکر قرآن مجید میں یوں مذکور ہے:

"اَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ، قَالُوْا بَلٰي، شَہِدْنَا"۔[[1]]

" کیا میں تمہارا رب نہیں ہوں؟ اس وقت سب نے یہ کہا کیوں نہیں اے ہمارے رب!"۔

 سب نے اس وقت اللہ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار کیا تھا گویا کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار و اعتراف انسانوں کی فطرت میں داخل اور انکے وجدان میں شامل ہے۔

اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا مطلب اور اس کا تقاضا کیا ہے ؟اسکے جواب کے بارے میں بشیر احمد لودھی یوں رقمطراز ہیں:

 " انسان ازخود پیدا نہیں...

تصور معذوریت قرآن و سنت کی روشنی میں

The action code of Islam is impartial and strong. All human beings, disabled and abled have the right of gaining justice and bound to giving justice. Because of disableness impartial behavior is against the Islamic justice code. The “good behavior” with disabled persons is the basic law of disableness in Islam. The “good behavior” with disabled persons in Islam is not the result of mercy and pity but is the result of that right of taking equal to the life of common people which is due to the nation and community. Hence the rights of disabled persons are the result of those requirements which are created due to disableness. The meaning which we take conventional is “complete worthlessness” but it means in Islam weak and feeble. That is to say disable person is able to work but he has less ability. Or he has no ability to do one job but has the ability of high rank to do other jobs. The Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) introduced first time this principle of disableness. The Arabs mean the word “disableness” complete uselessness. But the Holy Quran exempted the persons from Jehad not taking part in Tabuk battle because of disableness giving them the name of feebles. Islam does not appeal for mercy with disabled persons but advised to behave well with them and condemns also the injustice of society with them. Islam orders to perform one’s duties to others. Islam not only stresses on the performance of duties but also gives instructions in this connection.

English Language Teaching: Implementing Collaborative Language Learning Approach in Federal Colleges of Pakistan

Thesis Title: English Language Teaching: Implementing Collaborative Language Learning Approach in Federal Colleges of Pakistan Most of the college students in Pakistan, irrespective of their gender cannot communicate effectively and confidently in English. Despite the fact that they are taught English as a second language from an early stage of their educational life, they never develop communicative command on English. This incompetency of learners is largely attributed to faulty language teaching system in Pakistan. Keeping in view the effectiveness of sociocultural language learning framework, this research set out to implement collaborative language learning environment in our colleges. The main objective was to analyze whether collaborative language learning will help the learners to improve their listening and speaking skills or not. It also aimed to find out that how successfully collaborative language learning can be implemented within our context as well as to highlight the hurdles which may impede its implementation. To achieve the said purpose, this experimental research was divided into three phases mainly: pre-test, experimental study and post-test. The pre-test assessed the learners’ existing competency level at the beginning of the study. Subsequently, the experimental study was applied following the sociocultural paradigm to assist the learners towards gaining communicative competency by working collaboratively. The post-test, held at the end of the experimental study period, helped to critically evaluate if the collaborative language learning approach had actually supported the learners to enhance their conversational or communicative efficiency in English. As revealed by the findings of the study, the experimental groups performed comparatively better than the controlled groups during the post-test. The participants of experimental study demonstrated better understanding of the ideas, messages and information offered in English, as far as listening skill was concerned. The study also discovered that the experimental performed better in speaking skill tasks registering significant enhancement in their oral proficiency. These findings are quite important as they ascertain the fact that collaborative language learning paradigm can effectively facilitate the learners to enhance their communicative skills a great deal, if implemented carefully and systematically within our context, without bringing about major changes within the existing infrastructure. However, the study suggests that the teachers should be trained, textbooks be revised adding speaking and listening skill focused tasks and assessment system should include communicative skills evaluation so that the teaching of English as a collaborative endeavour can be facilitated and implemented effectively.
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