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مولوی محمدبہادر خاں(نواب بہادر یارجنگ)

مولوی محمد بہادر خاں
(سابق نواب بہادر یارجنگ)
افسوس کہ گذشتہ مہینہ کی ۲۴؍ تاریخ کو مولوی محمد بہادر خاں (سابق نواب بہادر یار جنگ) نے حرکت قلب بند ہوجانے سے دفعتہ انتقال کیا، ان کی ناگہانی وفات نہ صرف حیدرآباد بلکہ ہندوستان کے تمام مسلمانوں کے لیے اندوہناک سانحہ ہے، مرحوم حیدرآباد کے ایک قدیم و ممتاز جاگیردار خانوادہ کے رکن، مخلص، دردمند اور علمی مسلمان، زبان آور خطیب، ریاست کے سچے وفادار، مسلمانوں کے غمگسار اور عام اہل ملک کے ہمدرد وبہی خواہ تھے، حیدرآباد کی ہر مفید اسلامی تحریک میں ان کا دست اعانت شامل رہتا تھا، وہ مجلس اتحاد المسلمین کے روحِ رواں اور آل انڈیا ریاستی مسلم لیگ کے بانی اور صدر تھے، ابھی کل ۴۱ سال کی عمر تھی جو قومی زندگی کے اعتبار سے بالکل نوجوانی کی عمر ہے، اس عمر میں مرحوم نے حیدرآباد کے مسلمانوں کی جو گوناگوں خدمات انجام دیں وہ کبھی فراموش نہ ہوں گی، اور اہل دکن کو مدتوں ان کا بدل نہ مل سکے گا، ملک و قوم کی خدمت کی خاطر انہوں نے اپنا خطاب اور جاگیرتک واپس کردی تھی، ان کی ذات سے بڑی توقعات تھیں،لیکن افسوس ان کی جوانمرگی سے اہل دکن کو ان کی صلاحیتوں اور خدمات سے فائدہ اٹھانے کا زیادہ موقع نہ مل سکا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مخلص خادم قوم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت کے انعام سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۴۴ء)
اگست ۱۹۴۴ء
ایک بہادر مسلمان کی موت
چار پانچ ہفتے ہوئے میں ایک گاؤں میں تھا کہ دفعتہ ایک صاحب نے ایک انگریزی اخبار کے حوالہ سے نواب بہادر یار جنگ کی اچانک موت کی اطلاع دی، موت ہر وقت آتی ہے، اور ہر وقت آسکتی ہے، تاہم جن کے مرنے کو دل نہیں چاہتا، ان کے مرنے کی خبر کا یقین...

فقہی احکام کے استنباط میں علت کا کردار

The Quran is the complete code of life and the fountainhead of guidance for all peoples till the last Day. When the Quran itself does not speak directly or in detail about a certain subject, Muslims only then turn to alternative sources of Islamic Law is this way the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (BPUH) would asking Him when they were not able to find a specific legal ruling in the Quran in spite they were Arabians. With the passage of time slowly gradually new issues and problems are to be faced by peoples in different times. Sometimes the companions & the followers not only salved those issues & problems in the light of Quran & Sunnah, but also played a significant role in such cases. To find the solution of any problem in the light of primary sources of Islam is called Etiology. Etiology has a significant role in the Sharia’s sources of analogy. To illustrate this, analogical reasoning can be viewed in this article.

Catalytic Conversion of Syngas into Ethylene and Higher Hydrocarbons

A rapid growth in population and industrialization has resulted in a shortage of natural resources with increasing human demands. With the rapidly depleting petroleum resources, other venues such as the utilization of coal and biomass for energy production are under intense investigation. Fischer Tropsch (FT) technology is extensively used for the conversion of coal, natural gas and biomass derived syngas (CO+H2) to fuel by utilizing transition metals as catalysts. One of the main challenges in FT synthesis is the production of higher molecular weight waxes which blocks the active sites of the catalysts, resulting in decreased catalytic activity. The catalyst supports in FT synthesis is also very important as it not only enhances the dispersion of active metal catalyst but also provide active sites for hydrogenation and cracking of higher hydrocarbons. The present study was intended to explore Montmorillonite (MMT) as a novel support material for Co-based FT synthesis to increases the surface acidity, hydrogenation and cracking of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. The lower thermal stability and lack of porosity in MMT was overcome by replacing the sodium ion present in the interlayer of MMT clay with different metal oxides (MOs) (M=Al and Zr) to achieve high surface area and pore volume. Along with the modification of catalyst support, the effect of Mn and Ce promoters have also been investigated in this study. A series of Al and Zr-pillared montmorillonite (Al-PILC and Zr-PILC) supported Co catalysts were fabricated by impregnation and hydrothermal methods. FT reaction was carried out in fixed bed micro reactor at temperature 225 oC, 260 oC Page ix and 275 oC and pressure of 1, 5, and 10 bar. It was found that Co supported Na montmorillonite (NaMMT) had lower CO-conversion and higher CH4-selectivity while the Al-PILC and Zr-PILC supported Co catalysts gives higher CO-conversion and lower CH4-selectivity. Moreover, increase in reaction temperature from 225 oC to 275 oC resulted in higher CH4-selectivity, higher CO-conversion and decreased in selectivity towards C5+ hydrocarbons. Increase in pressure from 5 to 10 bar resulted in decreased CH4-selectivity of the catalyst but increase in C5+ hydrocarbons and CO-conversion efficiency. The Addition of Mn as promoter to the Al-PILC and Zr-PILC supported Co nanoparticles significantly increased the selectivity of catalyst toward C2-C12 hydrocarbons as a result of the cracking of long chain C21+ hydrocarbons. The addition of Mn also resulted in a decreased selectivity toward CH4. On the other hand when Ce is used as a promoter, the selectivity toward C5-C12 hydrocarbons and CH4- increased and that of C21+ selectivity decreased. Significant enhancement in CO-conversion and CH4-selectivity was observed at higher reaction temperatures (>220 oC). The increase in pressure from 1 to 10 bars eventually resulted in enhancement in C5+ hydrocarbons and decrease in CH4 and C2-C5 hydrocarbons selectivity. All of these could be attributed to the synergistic effect of electronically and geometrically modified sites on the catalyst surface, their orientations and resultant intermediates concentration.
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