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الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة

الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة
المبحث الأول: مولدها ونشأتها
نازك صادق الملائکۃ شاعرۃ من العراق، ولدت في بغداد عام 1923، في بیئة علمیۃٍ وثقافیۃ، ونشأت في بیتِ علم و أدب، في رعایۃ أمھا الشاعرۃ سلمی عبدالرازق(أُم نزار الملاءۃ) وأبیھا الأدیب الباحث صادق الملائکۃ. ولدت في بغداد في(23) من شھر آب وکانت کبری أخواتھا۔ ثم درست الکثیر عن النحو العربي۔ ولقبت في البیت ب(الشاعرۃ) قبل أن تفھم معنی ھذہ الکلمۃ۔
وتتحدث نازك عن أمھا وأبیھا وتقول ’’کانت والدتي تنظم الشعر وتنشرہ في المجلاتِ والصحف العراقیۃ بإسم السیدۃ، وأبوھا کان ینظم الشعر، ولہ قصائد کثیرۃ، وکان أبوھا مدرس النحو في الثانویات العراقیۃ ، وکان شاعراً کبیراً أيضاً، وأیضاً أمھا کانت شاعرۃ معروفۃ أصدرت دیوان شعر في الثلاثینیات، اسمہ (أنشودۃ المجد) ووقعتہ بکنیتھا (أم نزار الملائکۃ)، كما کان خالاھا، جمیل وعبد الصاحب الملائکۃ، من الشعراء المعروفین أیضاً، وعرف عن شقیقھا الوحید، نزار الملائکۃ، المقیم في لندن بأنہ شاعر أیضاً . یتضح من ذلک أن الشاعرۃ نشأت في بیت علمٍ وأدبٍ۔
نشأتها
نشأت الشاعرۃ العراقیۃ في بيئة أدبیۃ، کان لھا تأثیر کبیر في نزوعھا نحو الشعر، ووالدھا صادق جعفر الملائکۃ کان رجلاً عملیاً وکان یُدَرِّس اللغۃ العربیۃ في المدارس الثانویۃ، وعندما بلغت نازک الملائکۃ الخامسۃ من عمرھا، فکر أبویھا علی أن یدخلاھا المدرسۃ، فاختارا لھا (الروضۃ التابعۃ للإبتدائیۃ المرکزیۃ في العاقولیۃ)، وتربت وترعرعت الشاعرۃ في بیتِ علمٍ وأدبٍ وثقافۃ من حیث الوالد والوالدۃ والأقرباء۔

مزاح سے متعلق اسلامی و مغربی مفکرین کی آراء اور نبوی ﷺتعلیمات ؛ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ Views of Islamic & Western Scholars about Humour and Propheticﷺ Teachings; An Analytical Study

Fun and humour are part of human nature and character while people have a strong desire for relaxation that they want to have the means to express joy. Even bitter ideas can be easily conveyed to others through humor and good nature. Islam did not only allow laughter and entertainment but also prescribed such rules and regulations that people can fulfill their natural needs while living within the limitations. The Holy Prophet ﷺ made the best arrangements for Islamic state of Madina, the tastes and interests of the people, and their entertainment, and set an example for the rulers that like other countries. Hazrat Muhammad ﷺ did not only allow laughter and humor, but he himself was cheerful and happy towards his companions. Humour is an essential element of human life, and it has significant importance in Islam as well as in other religions. In this regard, we also get a lot of guidance from Sirat-e-Tayyaba, and it is justified with certain conditions. In this article, the authors have discussed the introduction of humor, its status in Shariah and its limitations from the perspective of Islamic Shari'ah. The authors have tried to analysis opinions of psychologists, Islamic and Western thinkers in this regard. Keywords: Cheerfulness, Humor, Human Instinct, Entertainment Humiliation.

Autopoietic Banking Model Abm : A Departure from Quagmire of Interest

Economies of the world encounter financial crises time and again and the main stream researchers are in search of some solution to insulate the economies from crises but no plausible solution has surfaced as yet. The crises majorly erupt through banking channels because of systemic problems in banking. The systemic fault of contemporary banking ignites crises which ultimately transform into financial and economic crises which may not be limited to any specific country or region.This dissertation is aimed to identify the systemic problem in the banking domain and to provide its solution. The study follows positivism as research philosophy and uses mathematical logic as methodology to map the contemporary banking model for uncovering the systemic problem. A formal system has been compiled for the study. The techniques of rewriting with equational reasoning and summations of terms of identified sequences have been used for formalization. The quality of autopoiesis (self-sustainability and self-reproduction of system) has been checked through logic whereas validity and sustainability of the model have been checked against objective criteria. The study shows that there is gap between conventional structure and operational behavior of contemporary banking model which emanates crises. This gap is the seed for crises which dictates the behaviors of banking system. The review of contemporary banking model has revealed that an ex-ante levy (a charge levied before production of goods and services) in the system is one of the main reasons of banking crises. It has also been found that there are certain actors of banking system which have conflicting dual roles. The banks (one actor) bind the firms (other actor) by way of contracts to collect a levy from households (yet another actor) in lieu of providing them loans which do not have logically plausible justifications. There are certain implicit presumptions attached to conventional structure of contemporary banking model which too are problematic. The study presents a new self-sustainable (i.e. autopoietic) banking model which is based on ex-post instead of ex-ante levy. The comparison of autopoietic banking model with contemporary banking model shows that the proposed model will be more responsive to financial distractions and will be helpful in reducing financial crises as there will be lesser chance of mismatch between conventional structure and operational behavior of the system.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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