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14 سدھراں ماری

سدھراں ماری

 

                ایہہ فوٹو رضیہ دی منگنی دی اے۔ رضیہ شرمائی ہوئی نمھا جہیا ھاسا بلھیاں اتے سجائی، نیویاں نظراں کیتاں ہوئیاں بہت ای سوہنی لگ رہی سی۔ علی رضیہ ول ویکھ کے ہس رہیا سی۔ ایہہ فوٹو اوس ویلے کچھی گئی سی جدوں علی نے منگنی دی مندری رضیہ دے گورے گورے ہتھ دی کومل تے نازک انگلی وچ پائی۔ رضیہ دی حیاتی دی شاید ایہہ پہلی تے آخری خوشی سی۔ کیوں جے رضیہ ہمیش ای ساڈے نال اپنی بدقسمتی دارونا روندی سی۔ ہمیش آکھدی ’’میری قسمت ہمیشہ مینوں ہرا دیندی اے۔ جیویں شیشہ پتھر نال ٹکڑاکے چور چور ہوجاندا اے ایویں ای میری حیاتی وی شیشے وانگ بدقسمتی دے پتھر نال کھیہ کھیہ کے دن بدن مکدی جارہی اے۔‘‘

                رضیہ اپنے طالب علمی دے زمانے وچ ہمیش اپنیاں کلاس فیلوز توں اگے نکلنا چاہندی سی۔ پر کسے نہ کسے کارن اوہ اجہیا نہ کر سکی جیویں پچھلے سال نویں جماعت دے شروع وچ ای اوہنے کلاس وچ فسٹ آون لئی ات دی محنت شروع کردتی۔ پر امتحاناں توں ایک مہینا پہلاں اوہ اینی بیمار ہوئی کہ کتاباں تاں اک پاسے اوس دے بچن دی امید وی ختم ہوندی جاپی۔ پرجدوں امتحان مک گئے تاں ہولی ہولی اوہدی صحت بحال ہوئی تے کلاس وچ اوہ اٹھویں نمبر تے آئی۔ ایویں دسویں جماعت...

Impact of ‘Open Data’ and its Effectiveness forPakistan Social Issues: Learning fromthe UK Experience

Developmental projects are essential ingredients of prosperity and well-being. Every nation has to ensure that her people are living in a perfect and safe sociopolitical environment. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated by the UK government to provide huge access to databases. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also enables people to polish their learning skills and take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary to know that not all data are confidential. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems and to assess its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks, it is important to evade corruption and foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there remains feeble chance of witnessing corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for boosting up innovation and creativity for a developing country like Pakistan. Open data system has been seen playing a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these resources. The influence and impact of ‘Open Data’ has largely been observed during the recent Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) where the government has utilized the data to tackle the disease in Pakistan.

An Intelligent Sparse Visual Feature Descriptors for Content-Based Image Retrieval

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques are used to retrieve similar images from image repositories by utilizing the visual contents of the images. From last few years, bagof- visual-words (BoVW) model is most commonly used for image retrieval and got promising results in terms of accuracy and effectiveness. However, BoVW model still has some problems, such as an image is represented as an orderless global histogram of visual words that neglects the spatial layout of the image. Spatial information is an important component that provides discriminating details for accurate retrieval of images. In this thesis, three novel approaches for image representations are presented by the selection of appropriate semantic regions of an image by constructing histograms of visual words. The standard image databases are used to determine the efficiency of proposed approaches. Following approaches are presented in this dissertation: A novel image representation is presented using the characteristics of local and global information in the form of histograms of visual words. The global information is obtained by constructing the histogram of visual words over the whole image, while the histogram of visual words for local information is constructed over the local rectangular region of the image. The local histogram represents the spatial information of salient objects. In order to verify the performance of the proposed approach, a number of experiments are conducted on the standard image databases (Corel-A, Caltech-256, and Ground truth). The results show that the proposed image representation significantly enhance the effectiveness of image retrieval. Based on the semantic similarity in an image, another image representation is proposed by constructing the histograms of visual words by splitting an image into two rectangular regions that add the spatial information to the inverted index of the BoVW based image representation. By utilizing this phenomenon of image representation, different visual words for upper and lower rectangular regions of an image are obtained for better image retrieval performance. For the verification of proposed approach, extensive experiments are conducted vii on Corel-A, and Ground truth image databases, proof the robustness of the proposed approach. In order to overcome the problems of overfitting on large dictionary sizes, lack of spatial information, and to reduce the computational cost, a new image representation based on the weighted average of triangular histograms (WATH) is also introduced. The image is divided into four triangular regions in order to incorporate the spatial information to the inverted index of the BoVW based image representation, and a histogram of visual words are computed from each triangular region. An appropriate weight is assigned to each histogram in order to eliminate the aforementioned problems. The assigned weight reduces; the size of the dictionary by reducing the non-salient visual words, and the computational cost. The proposed approach also provide the consistent performance on large dictionary sizes. The quantitative and qualitative analysis conducted on two image databases (Corel-A and Corel- 1500) shows the robustness of the proposed approach among the recent image retrieval approaches. Keywords: Content-based image retrieval (CBIR); Bag-of-visual-words (BoVW); Local and global histograms; Rectangular spatial histograms; Weighted triangular histograms.
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