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علامہ اقبال اور دیگر ادبی مشاہیر کی رثائی شاعری

علامہ اقبال اوردیگر ادبی مشاہیر کی رثائی شاعری

مرثیہ(1)ایسی نظم کو کہتے ہیں جس میں وفات پانے والی شخصیت کی صفات  بیان  کی جاتی ہیں۔ اردو مرثیہ ایک ایسی صنف ادب ہے  جس میں  کربلا کے حالات و واقعات  پیش کئے جاتے ہیں ۔بالخصوص حضرت امام حسین  اور ان کے خانوادے کی شہادت کا تذکرہ  کیا جاتا ہے۔مرثیہ میں کسی مذہبی ، قومی پیشوا یا کسی محبوب شخصیت کی موت پر غم کا اظہار بھی  کیا جاتا ہے اور اس کی  خوبیاں اس طرح بیان کی جاتی ہیں  کہ قارئین بھی متاثر ہو ں ۔مرثیہ کے لئے کسی مخصوص ہئیت یا ترتیب قوافی کی کوئی شرط نہیں ۔قصیدہ،مثنوی ،رباعی ،مربع ،مخمس ،مسدس،ترجیع بند ، ترکیب  بند غرض کہ شاعر جس ہئیت  میں چاہے  مرثیہ تحریر کرسکتا ہے۔اردو ادب میں مرثیے کا ایک خاص مفہوم بھی ہے یعنی شہدائے کربلا کا مرثیہ خود ایک نہایت وقیع صنفِ ادب کی حیثیت سے اپنا مقام منوا چکا ہے۔
 مرثیہ گوئی کی روایت میں ایک بڑا نام فرزندِ سیالکوٹ علامہ اقبال کا بھی ہے۔    اقبال ؒ نے بھی مرثیہ نگاری  میں اپنے تخلیقی جوہر پیش کئے ہیں۔ان کے ہاں شخصی مرثیے کا اظہار زیادہ ہے جیسا کہ 1905ء میں داغ کی وفات پر  انہوں نے 23 اشعار پر مشتمل ایک مختصر مرثیہ لکھا جو ایجازو اختصار ،رمزو کنایہ ،تاثیر و بلاغت اور دیگر شعری محاسن سے  مزین ہے۔علامہ اقبال ؒ نے اپنے مخصوص طرزِ سخن کو بروے کار لاتے ہوئے داغ کی جذبات نگاری کو بہترین خراج تحسین پیش کیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ ان  کا مرثیہ "والدہ مرحومہ کی یاد میں  اردو مرثیے کے حوالے سے ایک اہم اثاثہ ہے۔یہ نظم  انہوں نے اپنی والد ہ کی وفات پر ان کی یاد میں لکھی ۔  اقبال ؒ کی شعری دنیا میں شخصی مرثیوں کے علاوہ کربلا کا شعوری سفر اپنے...

متقدمین و متاخرین فقہا کی آراء کی روشنی میں مال حرام کا منافع

Islam teaches its follower purification in every walk of life, be itassociated with creed, character, worship or economic activities; it is advised that they should avoid contaminated substance. Unlawful income (Maal-eHaram) is also prohibited by sharia to be earned or kept in custody; . However types of unlawful income are more than few, for instance riba, robbery, bribery etc and Sharia scholars have different views about each one of them, similarly opinions of sharia scholars are also different on profit earned on the lawful investment of unlawful income. In this paper, sharia guidelines regarding lawful and unlawful income is presented, different types of unlawful income and views of sharia scholars regarding the income and profit earnedfrom the investment of the same are mentioned with arguments, in the end suggestions are given in light of present era regarding each type of unlawful income.

Correlation Studies of Arsenic Level in Drinking Water With Biological Samples and its Effects on Hormonal Profile of Female Population in District Sheikhupura

Present study involves determination of arsenic in drinking water samples from different tehsils of district Sheikhupura along with the analysis of hair and blood samples of females of 15-25 years of age. Biological samples of males of same age group were also analyzed as control. Blood hormonal level of LH and FSH was measured in both groups whereas estradiol and testosterone was detected in females and males respectively using ELISA technique. AAS method was employed to measure arsenic in water, hair and blood. Questionnaire was designed for assessment of socioeconomic and general health status of the study group. The data was statistically analyzed for comparison and correlation. Majority of respondents belonged to lower socioeconomic group and had different health problems. Among 500 drinking water samples only 8.6% were within the WHO limit and only 50.6 % of the total samples were within NDWQS limit. The drinking water of tehsils Sheikhupura and Sharaqpur had higher arsenic as compared to other tehsils (64.25±2.55 µg/L and 61.63 ± 2.73µg/L) respectively and was highest in all hand pump water (71.14± 2.6µg/L). Arsenic concentration in hair was highest in 23-25 years females (1.62±0.10µg/g) and among the residents of tehsil Sheikhupura (1.40±0.12 µg/g) and those using hand pump water (1.31±0.14 µg/g). Similarly the highest mean value of blood arsenic was observed in the age group of 23-25 years (3.2 ±0.23 µg/L) and being highest among respondents of tehsil Sheikhupura. The same trend was noted in male group. Positive correlation (r=1.0) was found between arsenic in drinking water and biological samples with respect to area, age and water sources. In general FSH level in females was within reference range whereas LH was found in lower concentration in some areas. Estradiol was lower in follicular and luteal phase of the respondents from Sharaqpur and Sheikhupura suggesting possible exposure of arsenic. LH and FSH in males were in normal range and testosterone showed variability with reference to age. The results of this study evidently suggest that the presence of arsenic in drinking water is likely to affect general metabolism and its accumulation in biological tissues. This appears to be linked with the exposure of variable magnitude and duration. The results of this study provide enough data for future studies regarding water contamination and health effects also warrant urgency for preventive measures to reduce possible effects.
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