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نانی، رضاء الرحمن

آغوش رحمت میں
[ادارہ برہان کے کارکن رضا الرحمن کی نانی کاانتقال]
انتہائی افسوس ہے کہ رضاالرحمن صاحب کارکن مکتبہ برہان کی نانی صاحبہ ۵/ مارچ۱۹۸۴ء صبح دس بجے اس دار فانی سے رخصت کرگئیں۔مرحومہ نہایت متدین، صوم وصلوٰۃ کی پابند اوربہترین معلّہ تھیں۔ خواتین میں شرعی امور کی ترویج کے سلسلے میں مرحومہ معروف تھیں۔ان کی رحلت سے خواتین کے لیے اسلامی مسائل کے لیے ایک خلا پیداہوگیاہے۔
اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحومہ کی مغفرت فرماکر ان کوجنت الفردوس میں اعلیٰ مقام عطافرمائے اورہم پسماندگان کوصبر جمیل کی توفیق بخشے۔(آمین) قارئین سے مرحومہ کے لیے مغفرت کی دعا کے ساتھ نماز جنازہ غائبانہ کی درخواست ہے۔
[مارچ۱۹۸۴ء]

التحليل بأسلوب SWOT)) والخيارات الاستراتيجية لإدارة الأزمات: دراسة مفاهيمية نظرية

تناولت الدراسة أسلوب التحليل الاستراتيجي بأسلوب (SWOT) ومدى تأثيره فـي إدارة الأزمات والمتغيرات السريعة للبيئة داخلياً وخارجياً وبروزه كأداة لتشخيص الوضع الحالي وخيارات التأثير عـلى شكـل المستقبل، فـي ظل تباين وتعدد واستشراء الأزمات، تهدف الدراسة إلى التعريف بأسلوب التحليل (SWOT) وأهميته فـي تحليل الواقع واستشراف المستقبل وإتاحة الخيارات، تتلخص مشكـلة الدراسة فـي طرق استقراء البيئة فـي ظل وجود تطور فـي الأزمات، ويتضح ذلك بجلاء عند طول أمد الأزمات، ويتفرع مـنها ماهية أسلوب (SWOT) ودورة فـي استقراء الواقع وكيفـية الحد مـن الأزمات عبر التخطيط الاستراتيجي وماهية خيارات إدارة الأزمة. سلكت الدراسة المـنهج الوصفـي التحليلي الاستشرافـي. توصلت الدراسة لعدد مـن النتائج:: أن أسلوب (SWOT) يشخص البيئة الداخلية والخارجية ويستقرئ الفجوات ويقترح خيارات التعامل مع المستقبل، ويعد أسلوب (SWOT) ضروري لتفادي عنصر المـباغتة فـي إدارة الأزمات ووسيلة لتوضيح المتغيرات واستراتيجية لصنع القرار، يُعَدُّ أسلوب التحليل (SWOT) مـن أفضل أساليب التحليل التخطيط الاستراتيجي، لا سيما فـي إدارة الأزمات، لكونه يصوِّب الانحرافات ويعدِّد الخيارات فـي ظل ظروف عدم التأكد، وإن مـن أهم سمات التحليل (SWOT) توجيه الأنظار نحو ما تحتويه البيئة الداخلية والخارجية مـن فرص والتحديات ونقاط الضعف والقوة لتقويم العمل الإداري والفني بغية معالجتها والحد مـن آثارها.

Comparative Study of Matrix Transdermal Patches of Metoprolol: in Vitro and in Vivo Characterization

Aim of present study was to development and evaluation of matrix patches of metoprolol tartrate containing enhancers for sustained and enhanced transdermal delivery. Ethyl cellulose (EC), poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), eudragit RS 100 (ERS) and eudragit RL 100 (ERL) were used as film formers alone or in combination. Dibutyl phthalate was used as plasticizer. Patches were prepared by plate casting method. Polyvinyl alcohol was used to prepare backing membrane. Prepared polymeric matrix patches containing no enhancer were characterized for physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, moisture contents and moisture up take capacity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of prepared patches were performed to identify any chemical and physical interaction between drug and excipients. In vitro drug release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 by using paddle over disc method. Release mechanism was elucidated by subjecting the in vitro release data to kinetic analysis by using DDsolver ® excel based add in program. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed after release to further elaborate release process. In vitro permeation studies were performed on Franz diffusion cell by using excised rabbit skin. Three polymeric combinations i.e. EC-PVP, EC-ERL and ERS-ERL were selected for further incorporation of enhancers. Non-ionic surfactants i.e. Span 20, Span 60, Span 80, Span 85, Tween 20 and Tween 80 were incorporated in polymeric combination of EC and PVP as permeation enhancers in two concentrations of 5% and 10%. Combination of EC and ERL was used for preparation of matrix patches containing 10 % w/w of Isopropyl myristate (IPM), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), span 20, tween 20 and eucalyptus oil as enhancers. Four different terpenes like eucalyptol, limonene, nerolidol and menthol were employed in polymeric combination of ERL and ERS, in concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% w/w of polymer. Formulations were optimized after enhances addition. Patches after incorporation of enhancers were characterized for physical properties, FTIR and SEM analysis. In vitro release and permeation studies were carried out to compare effect of enhancers and their concentration on release. Selected patch formulations were subjected to in vivo studies by two periods, two treatments randomized, cross over design in rabbits (n =6) for pharmacokinetic comparison with oral solution administration. Skin irritation XXIstudies were performed on healthy volunteers for terpene containing patches by measuring level of erythema with Mexameter ® . In presence of non-ionic surfactants initial burst release of metoprolol from EC-PVP patches was increased. However, overall release was decreased due to improved physical appearance in presence of nonionic surfactants. Span 20 and Tween 20, which have saturated shorter fatty acid side chains, showed highest enhancement effect with 1.73 and 2.01 folds increase in permeation rate when compared to control, respectively. Incorporation of enhancers in patches of EC-ERL had not affected amount of drug release up to 24 hrs except that of formulation containing DMSO where fast release was observed. Highest permeation flux in EC-ERL patches was observed for formulation containing IPM with 2 fold enhancement in permeation. Permeation flux for patches was in order of control (with no enhancer) > IPM > Tween 20 > Span 20 > DMSO = eucalyptus oil. Results of in vitro permeation studies of patches containing terpenes showed that despite of decrease in drug release by incorporation of enhancers, there was increase in skin permeation of metoprolol. Release from patches was indirectly related to the lipophilicity of terpenes. Limonene was the most effective enhancer among the patches containing terpenes and enhancement effect of terpenes on metoprolol was in the rank order of limonene > menthol > nerolidol > eucalyptol. Enhancement effect was increased by increase in concentration of enhancer in all formulations. However, no direct linear relationship was observed between permeation rate and enhancer concentration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of in vivo data elucidated that application of Tween 20 containing transdermal patch increased systemic availability (1.13 fold) and prolonged half life (almost 10 times) of metoprolol tartrate in comparison to oral administration. Whereas no increase in metoprolol bioavailability was observed after IPM (10%) containing patch application but half life was increased 8 times when compared to oral administration. Limonene (15%) containing patch application exhibited 1.47 folds increase in bioavailability and t 1/2 was extended up to 16 times. Moreover, skin irritation studies in healthy volunteers revealed that metoprolol tartrate patches containing terpenes were well tolerated. XXIIIt can be concluded that tween 20, IPM and limonene can be successfully employed as efficient permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of metoprolol tartrate from EC- PVP, EC-ERL and ERS-ERL matrix patches, respectively. Moreover, a single patch of metoprolol is capable to provide sustained continuous delivery of metoprolol for more than two days across skin. Thus application of metoprolol tartrate transdermal patches can be used as an alternative of oral route for the treatment of hypertension.
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