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ظلمتِ روئے فلک مطلعِ انوار ہوئی


ظلمتِ روئے فلک مطلعِ انوار ہوئی
چھا گیا نورِ مبیںؐ آمدِ سرکار ہوئی

صدقۂ نورِ نبیؐ حضرتِ عبداللہؓ تک
نخلِ عدنان کی ہر شاخ ثمر بار ہوئی

تابِ خورشید نے کرنوں کا لبادہ اوڑھا
رُوئے مہتاب پہ رعنائی نمودار ہوئی

اُنؐ کے کردار نے جینے کے قرینے بخشے
’’اُنؐ کی آمد سے حیات اپنی ضیا بار ہوئی‘‘

اُس طرف چشمِ عنائت سے خدا نے دیکھا
ذاتِ محبوبِ خداؐ جس کی طرفدار ہوئی

جانِ عالمؐ کا سفر عالمِ بالا کی طرف
طائرِ وقت کی پرواز گرفتار ہوئی

ربِّ ھب لی کی دعاؤں کی بدولت عرفاں
کشتیٔ بارِ گنہ پل سے مری پار ہوئی

ماحولیاتی و موسمیاتی تغیرات سے متعلق عوامی ذمہ داریاں اور آگہی ( سیرت النبیﷺ کی روشنی میں) Public Responsibilities and Awareness Regarding the Environmental and Climate Changes (In the light of the Prophet's life)

Allah has made the man as his caliph on earth and created the natural resources of the universe for the sake of human beings. Due to advancement of industrialization the natural resources and environment have been threatened while the environmental pollution has become an international challenge in modern times. Some of the guiding principles mentioned in the Sirat-un-Nabiﷺ are helpful in basic guidance of humanity, such as the prohibition of extravagance and oppression, the gratitude for divine blessings, the observance of the rights of worship, and so on. However, there are certain rules and decrees that provide specific guidelines for the protection and proper use of certain natural resources, such as water, trees, agriculture, forests, wind, etc. That some of them have been ordered to perform their duties, Such as the commands to plant trees, to keep water clean, to cultivate, to raise animals and to be gentle with them, etc. Such as prohibitions of cutting down trees unnecessarily, of polluting water, of spoiling fields, and the prohibition of cruelty to animals, etc. In this study, these demands have been explained in some detail in the light of Quran and Hadiths. Key Words: Environment, Pollution, Responsibilities, Sirat -un-Nabiﷺ

Tunable Metamaterials

Metamaterials (MTM) are composite materials that provide some unique characteristics which are not available by nature. But there is one major drawback or limitation of MTM which is its fixed and narrow working frequency region. To overcome this limitation, there are few techniques, presented in this thesis, to vary the working frequency band of MTM. As MTM are artificial materials, so there are various resonators available in literature, presented for MTM. In this thesis, three resonators, split ring resonator (SRR), S-shaped resonator (SSR) and single side paired S-ring resonator (SSPSRR) have been chosen from literature and different techniques to shift their resonant frequencies are presented. For SRR, a tunable case i.e., inner ring shorted split ring resonator (IRS-SRR) is pre- sented in this thesis. The analytical expression of the effective permeability of IRS-SRR is calculated and for the verification of the analytical work, the experimental results are also included in this thesis. The analytical expression for the effective permeability of SSR is also presented in this thesis. Two tunable or modified cases of SSR, i.e., bottom metallic strips shorted S-shaped resonator (BSSR) and top-bottom metallic strips shorted S-shaped resonator (TBSSR) are presented in this thesis. The analytical expressions of the effective permeabilities of BSSR and TBSSR are also calculated. For verification of the analytical work of SSR, BSSR and TBSSR, experimental results are included in this thesis. Similar to SSR, the analytical expression of the effective permeability of SSPSRR is presented in this thesis and the experimental results are also included to verify the analytical work. Two tunable cases of SSPSRR, i.e., bottom metallic strips shorted single side paired S- ring resonator (B-SSPSRR) and top-bottom metallic strips shorted single side paired S-ring resonator (TB-SSPSRR), are also presented in this thesis along with experimental results. Other than the tunable cases of various resonators, rotation of resonators is presented in this thesis as a technique to vary the working frequency of MTM. This technique has been applied on SSR, SSPSRR and their respective tunable cases in this thesis and the vexperimental results are presented for justification of this technique. There are number of devices (made using MTM), are available in literature. All these devices can be upgraded to work as tunable devices using the techniques presented in this thesis.
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