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حدود کی تعداد

حدود کی تعداد
جرائم حدود کی تعداد کے سلسلے میں اہل علم میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے۔ ابن حجر عسقلانی کے نزدیک
" جَمْعُ حَدٍّ وَالْمَذْكُورُ فِيهِ هُنَا حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَالْخَمْرِ وَالسَّرِقَةِ وَقَدْ حَصَرَ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ مَا قِيلَ بِوُجُوبِ الْحَدِّ بِهِ فِي سَبْعَةَ عَشَرَ شَيْئًا فَمِنَ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَيْهِ الرِّدَّةُ وَالْحِرَابَةُ مَا لَمْ يَتُبْ قَبْلَ الْقُدْرَةِ وَالزِّنَا وَالْقَذْفُ بِهِ وَشُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ سَوَاءٌ أَسَكِرَ أَمْ لَا وَالسَّرِقَةُ وَمِنَ الْمُخْتَلَفِ فِيهِ جَحْدُ الْعَارِيَةِ وَشُرْبُ مَا يُسْكِرُ كَثِيرُهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ الْخَمْرِ وَالْقَذْفُ بِغَيْرِ الزِّنَا وَالتَّعْرِيضُ بِالْقَذْفِ وَاللِّوَاطُ وَلَوْ بِمَنْ يَحِلُّ لَهُ نِكَاحُهَا وَإِتْيَانُ الْبَهِيمَةِ وَالسِّحَاقُ وَتَمْكِينُ الْمَرْأَةِ الْقِرْدَ وَغَيْرَهُ مِنَ الدَّوَابِّ مِنْ وَطْئِهَا وَالسِّحْرُ وَترك الصَّلَاة تكاسلا وَالْفطر فِي رَمَضَان وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ خَارِجٌ عَمَّا تُشْرَعُ فِيهِ الْمُقَاتَلَةُ كَمَا لَوْ تَرَكَ قَوْمٌ الزَّكَاةَ وَنَصَبُوا لِذَلِكَ الْحَرْبَ "64
"ابن حجر عسقلانی نے سترہ جرائم کو حدود میں شامل کیا ہے اور گیارہ جرائم کے متعلق اتفاق ظاہر کیا ہے کہ یہ حدود میں شامل ہیں جو کہ مند رجہ ذیل ہیں ۔ زنا ، قذف ، سرقہ ، بغاوت، شراب نوشی، ارتداد ، حرابہ، ترک صلوٰۃ ، ترک صوم، سحر اور وطی بہائم۔ "
علامہ کاسانی ؒکے مطابق حدود کی تعداد پانچ ہے، جو کہ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
"الْحُدُودُ خَمْسَةُ أَنْوَاعٍ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ وَحَدُّ السُّكْرِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ۔ "65
ابن قدامہ ؒ حدود کی تعداد سات کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں
"الْحُدُودُ سبعۃأَنْوَاعٍ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِوَحَدُّ الحرابۃ وحد الردۃ وحد بغی۔ "66
عبدالقادر عودہ شہید ؒکے بقول حدود کی تعداد سات ہے ، جو کہ یہ ہیں:
"جرائم الحدود معینۃ ومحددۃ العدد وھی سبع جرائم حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ السُّكْرِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِوَحَدُّ الحرابۃ وحد ارتداد وحد بغی "67
جسٹس تنزیل الرحمن کے مطابق حدود اللہ کی تعداد چھ ہے
"حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الحرابۃوحد الردۃ۔...

آزادی اظہار کی حدود قیود: مسئلہ عصمت انبیاء اور اقوام متحدہ

West generally blames the Muslim world on the grounds that it does not accede to freedom of expression. But in fact, Islam gave the right of freedom of expression for the first time in history. In Rome before Islam was introduced, the rulers used to enslave the masses. Greek ministers, Roman Catholic pastorates, Spanish Inquisitions and the ministerial experts used to rebuff the individuals who used to articulate unapproved religious perspectives. The British Parliament passed a Bill of Rights in 1689. This bill proclaimed the right to speak freely. It returned amid the French Revolution of 1789 which declared speaking freely as a natural right of each person. As indicated by Holy Quran there might be no impulse in acknowledgment of the religion which is also proved from Sunnah and through the actions of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Blasphemy law is a law related to blasphemy, or irreverence toward holy prophets, or beliefs or religious traditions. In the provisions of Article 18 and 19 of the U.N. Charter, no limitations were made for expression which has left the room open for the defamation on name of freedom of speech. According to Islam, maintaining the honor and respect of all people is essential for regional, national and universal peace. Any articulation which abuses peace, honor and pride of any individual, race, religious gathering or any minority assembly as a rule and so forth cannot be incorporated into the meaning of flexibility of articulation or freedom of speech.

Tuberculosis Tb Related Stigma: A Conceptual Framework

People living with Tuberculosis (TB) are stigmatized socially. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease transmitted through the air and can affect any part of the body, majority people do not know much about its mode of transmission and treatment protocols. Despite being curable, Tuberculosis is still a stigmatized disease, not only because of its clinical manifestations but also due to psychosocial behaviors. TB affected individuals are consider devalued in society and in an organizational context they get reduced opportunities of selection, promotion and income. Stigma is often explained as a discrediting attribute leading to an impairment of social status and position, rejection and/or exclusion. Likewise, stigmatized identities are devalued social identities or attributes given to an affected individual due to infectious diseases. This study examines the rel atively new phenomenon of (deviant workplace behavior, turnover intention and social isolation) as an outcome of tuberculosis stigmatized identities at workplace. The current study empirically and theoretically investigates self-esteem as an inter linking mechanism in the relationship between valence content (internal, enacted, anticipated and disclosure) tuberculosis stigmatized identities and workplace out comes (deviant workplace behavior, turnover intention and social isolation). In addition, magnitude (centrality and salience) Tb induced stigma used as a po tential moderating variable between valence content of TB induced stigmatized identities and self-esteem. Also, moderating role of perceived organizational sup port is also a salient feature of the study in the relationship between self-esteem and workplace outcomes. Data were collected through self-administrated questionnaire that is translated into native language. Population of current study was middle and low level em ployees working in public and private Tuberculosis hospitals of Pakistan. Author used convenience/purposive sampling to obtain the data. The data of current study collected into three time lags. The total number of questionnaire was 550. The same number of questionnaires was distributed in all three time intervals and the response rate was 321 only. x The result of current study indicates that valence content (internalized and antic ipated) TB stigmatized identities positively related with self-esteem. IV Accord ingly, enacted TB stigma has negative impact on self-esteem and disclosure TB stigma has positive impact on self-esteem. The moderating role of centrality TB stigma only established in the relationship between enacted TB induces stigma and self-esteem. The role of centrality tuber culosis stigma as moderator is not established with (internal, anticipated, disclo sure) TB stigmatized individuals and self-esteem. Similarly, the role of salience tuberculosis stigma as moderating variable also not established in current study. Furthermore, self-esteem as interlinking mechanism in the relationship between valence content and workplace outcome i.e. turnover intention not established in current study. Accordingly, self-esteem mediates in the relationship between valence content of TB stigmatized identities workplace outcomes (deviant work place behavior and social isolation).In addition, self-esteem not act as a mediating variable in the relationship between (enacted, disclosure) tuberculosis stigmatized identities and social isolation. In the current research POS not act as a mod erating variable between self-esteem and workplace outcome (Deviant workplace behaviors and social isolation).In addition, perceived organizational support act as facilitating moderating variable in the relationship between self-esteem and social isolation. Social identity theory has been used as an overarching theory for cur rent theoretical model. Theoretical and practical implications along with future recommendations have been discussed.
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