Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

78. An-Naba’/The Great News

78. An-Naba’/The Great News

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

78:01
a. What are they asking one another about?

78:02
a. Is it about the Great News of the Time of Final Judgment and its Correlatives?

78:03
a. The one about which they are in suspicion and disputing with you – O The Prophet.

78:04
a. But no!
b. They will soon know the truth of its reality!

78:05
a. And then, oh no!
b. They will soon know the truth of its reality!

78:06
a. Have WE not made the earth a resting place like a bed for you,

78:07
a. and set the strong mountains as its pegs?

78:08
a. And WE created you in pairs,

78:09
a. and made your sleep for resting,

78:10
a. and made the nighttime a covering,

78:11
a. and made the daytime for your livelihood.

78:12
a. And WE built above you seven celestial realms - strong, solid, and firm,

Surah 78 * An-Naba’ 707

78:13
a. and set therein Sun as a luminous lamp,

78:14
a. and sent down abundant water from the water-laden clouds,

78:15
a. so that WE may bring out thereby grain and vegetation,

78:16
a. as well as gardens of dense growth.

78:17
a. Surely the Time of Division is an Appointed Time.

78:18
a. The Time when the Trumpet will...

The Making of Benazir Income Support Program

The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), introduced in 2008-09, is a unique cash support scheme for economically stressed families. Its uniqueness arises from several facets. The cash transfers are provided only to women aged over 18 years and have been ever married. It is unconditional and aimed at supplementing income as opposed to alleviating poverty. It was politically neutral, given that the facility to identify potential beneficiaries was extended to all parliamentarians, irrespective of party affiliation. A set of filters, applied electronically, ensured objectivity in beneficiary selection. Disbursement mechanism was automated to ensure minimal leakage. This paper outlines the process of the preparatory work that went into designing BISP – the conceptual debates, the beneficiary identification and disbursement procedures, etc. – involving a combination of high quality research with political decision making. It also addresses the debates surrounding BISP, cites independent empirical studies that show that the parliamentarian-based beneficiary selection mechanism was efficient and equitable and did indeed cover the deserving, and also responds to the variety of criticisms. ______

Effect of Biocides on Biofilm Bacteria from Dental Plaque

The oral diseases (dental caries and periodontal diseases) are major public health problems and are found the most prevalent diseases of mankind. Accumulation and adherence of bacterial biofilm on tooth surfaces as dental plaque mainly cause for two human diseases like inflammatory periodontal disease and dental caries. The defensive immune systems and resident microbial flora are responsible for balance in oral health. Disruption of balance favours the colonisation of transient bacteria and commensal that may lead to localised infections e.g. periodontal, endodontic, and gingival infections. Oral cavity may provide suitable environment for the exchange and store of genetic material. Bacteria from the oral cavity have acquired resistance against antibiotics and/or biocides due to inadequate or extensive use of biocides and antibiotics in the field of dentistry and medicine. In this study five dental plaque samples were collected from five healthy individual for isolation, characterization and to check the efficacy of biocides on growth and biofilm formation of oral microbes. Susceptibility pattern of oral isolates were observed against different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml) of four biocides/ commercially available mouth-washes by culture dependent method. These include Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2%, Benzidamine hydrochloride (BZD) 0.15%, Sodium fluoride 0.05% and potassium chloride 0.05%, and Benzidamine hydrochloride 0.15% and Chlorhexidine 0.2%). Thirty four (70%), 9 (18%), 2 (04%), 2 (04%) and 2 (04%) out of total 58 oral isolates were found with common biocides resistance pattern and showed reduce susceptibility against different concentrations 0.1, 1.0, 10, 20, 30 μgml-1of all four biocides respectively. All the 58 isolates were found sensitive at concentrations (40 and 50 μgml-1) of four biocides. Overall, 9 (15%) out of total fifty eight (58) plaque isolates were selected on different morphological basis and common resistance (1.0 μgml-1) against four biocides. Dental plaque bacteria were characterized morphologically, biochemically, physiologically and genetically; phylogenic analysis was also performed. The molecular characterization reveals that isolates N4A, B1E, N1D, N2C, N2D, N3C, N3D, N4E, and C2E belong to genera including Acinetobacter schindleri (JF837190), Morexiella acj (JF837191), Chryseobacterium culicis (KR002422), Chryseobacterium indologenes (KR002424), Acinetobacter johnsonii (KR002423), Enterobacter ludwigii (KR002425), Pseudomonas stutzeri (KC817808), Streptococcus salivarius (KC817808) and Bacillus cereus (JF837191) respectively. The isolates were variably resistant to multiple drugs including ampicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline, erythromycin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. Seven out of nine isolates Summary 2 have shown resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline while erythromycin found the most effective drug with active susceptibility for six oral bacteria. Results indicated that all the plaque isolates were biofilm producers in the absence and presence of CHX within 24, 72 and 120 hours (hrs). High variation in biofilm forming ability of isolates was observed with exhibition of strong biofilm within 120 hrs followed by 72 hrs and 24 hrs. Study results directed that CHX+BZD with 1 μg/ml were found the most effective biocide for biofilm inhibition in 24 hrs. The effect of four biocides CHX, BZD, NaF+KCl and CHX+BZD (1.0 μg/ml stress) against biofilm bacteria in comparison with control (0 μg/ml stress) cells was analyzed statistically. It was found highly significant with P < 0.0001. Exposure of biofilms of these resistant species to undiluted commercial CHX mouthwash for intervals from 5 to 60 s indicated that the mouthwash was unlikely to eliminate them from dental plaque in vivo. Two species, Chryseobacterium indologenes and Chryseobacterium culicis were able to grow planktonically and form biofilms in the presence of 32 μg/ml CHX. Multidrug and CHX resistant C. indologenes demonstrated a 19-fold up-regulation of expression of gene CIN01S_RS05745 that encode the HlyD-like periplasmic adaptor protein of a tripartite efflux pump upon exposure to sub inhibitory concentration 16 μg/ ml of CHX suggesting that multidrug resistance may be mediated by this system. Bioinformatics analysis reveals the homology of this protein with RND family of transporters proteins (NCBI accession # TIGR01730) with e-value 2.08e-49. The signal of gene up regulation were also confirmed with the presence of 1250 bp amplification band of study gene flanking regions using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Northern hybridization reveals ̴6.3kb sized operon that encode for putative tripartite efflux pump. Furthermore, the ability of the selected actinomycetes to control biofilm of plaque bacteria was also accessed and observed that three out of ten Streptomyces strains named as S. erythrogriseus and S. labedae showed good antibacterial activity against Moraxella and Acinetobacter oral strains while S. macrosporeus can only inhibit biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus. Further study is required to show the transcriptomic picture of some CHX resistant genes in C. indologenes. This study has shown the resistance gene in emerging but uncommon pathogen; that will probably attract the researcher’s intension as new resistant bacterial species in dental setting. It has also pointed out the alarming situation with long term use of CHX (antiseptic/ oral care products) may cause resistance and/or may pose threat in the contribution of resistance gene to other dental microbiota. Future plan is to analyze the whole genome sequence data for genome comparison and for searching out CHX resistance efflux protein in newly Summary 3 sequenced C. culicis oral isolate. The whole genome sequencing data processing of C. culicis is going on for annotation using Rapid Annotation Subsystem Technology (RAST) tool.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.