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غلام احمد فرقت

غلام احمد فرقت
غلام احمد فرقت اردو زبان کے بڑے اچھے نثرنگار اورشاعر تھے۔انہوں نے طنز نگاری کاایک دلکش اسلوب پیدا کیا تھا۔جس میں قومی اوروطنی معاملات و مسائل پربہت دلچسپ اورمعنی خیز تبصرہ کرجاتے تھے۔اس اعتبار سے اگران کو اردو نثر کا اکبرالٰہ آبادی کہاجائے توبجا ہے۔ان کے نگارشات کے متعدد مجموعے شائع ہوچکے ہیں۔ان کی موت بڑی حسرت ناک ہوئی، ریل میں سفرکررہے تھے کہ دل کادورہ پڑا اوروہ وہیں ختم ہوگئے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ ان سب مرحومین کومغفرت و بخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے۔ [فروری۱۹۷۳ء]

Plagiarism As an Act of Academic Crime: A Critical Overview in an Islamic & Modern Perspective

Plagiarism is a cheating in form of stealing the ideas or language of others, which is morally and ethically crime and it's also an offense. In the field of education plagiarism is an academic fraud, therefore it is considered a theft. In material world the things which belong to us are considered our property; same is the case in academic world ideas, concepts words and work which belong to us are known as "intellectual property". Thus, we cannot use or cite others’ academic work without permission. Islam is the only religion that advocates for knowledge seeking and sharing with others. So sharing useful knowledge is Sadqa-e-Jāriyia. But this does not mean to attain knowledge and overlook the real source of knowledge. In this connection individual has to give credit whenever one uses the work of others anywhere. Hence, if we are using the work of others and do not cite the source and acknowledge the real author, we indulge ourselves in "Plagiarism" or in academic fraud. So in this scenario, academic world copyright or authorship is important. In recent terminology these are known as "intellectual property rights". In present era deceiving and harming of others has become common. In academia, "intellectual frauds" are more common nowadays. The objective of this article is to highlight the Islamic perspective in the avoidances of plagiarism. In this regard, Qur᾽ānic verses and Ahādīth have been used for exploring how Islam has indicated the avoidances of plagiarism. The main theme of this paper is to highlight and explore the Islamic vision regarding the academic theft and current preventive practices in Pakistan. It is suggested & concluded that in Islam plagiarism is prohibited. It also indicates the terms & conditions for the use of academic work of other scholars. There is dire need that the Muslim experts should also revive new Islamic copyright rules and regulation for honest academic writing.

Psychopathological Archetypes in Eugene O’Neill’S Plays

This dissertation articulates psychopathological archetypes in Eugene O’Neill’s selected plays. It applies a four tier strategy to investigate different layers of archetypes in his drama. Artist himself constitutes the first tier of this investigation and includes dramatis personas, specific cultural factors and readers as other three tiers of psychopathological archetypes. Analytical, comparative, textual and critical Methodological approach has been used in the study. The study substantiate that art is a strong reflection of close correspondence between artist’s mental states/psychopathology and what is created. It has been argued that O’Neill’s attitude to creativity is an illustration of how affliction, loss and other psychic factors mobilize the creative process, or permanently fuels the imaginary act. The preoccupation with loss or affliction in any form goes on to reflect specific psychopathological identity of the artist. The study explains this in the light of Freud and Klein’s theoretical /mythic standings on personality development. However, the study also argues that concern with loss and anxiety significantly undermines/limits the work of art in terms of its imaginative, social and representative aspects. The study highlights these limitations as important findings of the discussion in this section of the research. The personas in O’Neill’s are used as second tier of analyses. The study takes them here as independent of subjective identification, and their behavioral disorders have been analyzed from such diverse and post Freudian angles as trauma and post traumatic stress disorder, multi-personality disorder; sexuality related disorders and alienation/social withdrawal. The findings in each case substantiate psychopathological factors/states in O’Neill’s art. The study has also explored that in O’Neill certain elements/institutes in a society are potentially powerful instruments of creating abnormal psychic traits in the individuals. The study has concentrated on religion, racism and mechanized conditions as potent instruments of generating behavioral disorders. In the sphere of religion the study contends that religion with its specific, codified, dogmatic indoctrination affects human mind with certain deviant and abnormal psychic factors. The abnormal behavior generated by racism and mechanized control of independent human self carry the same quality. His treatment of racism as a factor in regressive behavior later on finds powerful presence in the works of Afro-American writers of fiction and drama. Lastly it has been argued that psychopathological regression and pattern as outlined in the author, his personas and certain cultural parameters create an image of behavioral decline and disintegration under emotive and psychic strains that could hardly be cathartic and therapeutic for the readers that classic tragedy manages to do with substantial success. It could only produce such psychopathological elements as psychic strain, depressiveness and psycho-spiritual stasis. Importantly the themes and the treatment of behavioral modes as O’Neill represents may find proactive response from the audience of a particular class; group in a particular condition of western culture, its wider across the culture acceptance can not be taken for granted. No doubt in history one can observe the universal validity and acceptance of literary work belonging to opposing state, but the reason was the corresponding/similar experiences and expressions of feelings and emotions generated by the literary works among the people of opposing states. The analogous helped emotional release/catharsis and establish identical cathartic responses. But in the present state of world and regional affairs and the particular frame of traditional culture and reservation to western entity in this region, O’Neill’s art with its own strong and imposing Westernized outlook is sure to increase not only intolerance, but also enhance public and national response that rejects what it represents. There is a need of literature that is universal but that does not destroy national roots
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