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جگر مراد آبادی

جگر مرادآبادی
حضرت جگر مراد آبادی کاحادثۂ وفات جو ۹ستمبر کی صبح کوگونڈہ میں ستربرس کی عمر میں پیش آیا،اردو شعر وسخن کی دنیا کے لیے اس درجہ المناک ہے کہ اس کی تلخی و شدت عرصہ تک محسوس ہوتی رہے گی۔یہی وجہ ہے کہ اُن کا ماتم ہندووپاک میں جیسا ہمہ گیر ہواہے، اقبالؔ مرحوم کے بعد سے آج تک کسی شاعر کاایسا نہیں ہواتھا۔ اردو شاعری کے دور جدیدنے تغزل کے پانچ عظیم المرتبت مجدد پیدا کیے ہیں: اصغرؔ،حسرتؔ،جگرؔ،فانیؔ اورفراق۔ؔانھوں نے اردو غزل کونیا آہنگ، نیا اسلوب دیا اوراُن تصورات سے اسے پاک وصاف کیاجواب تک روایتی ورثہ کی حیثیت سے چلے آرہے تھے۔اس فہرست میں جگرؔ کانمبر اگرچہ فکر وفن کے اعتبار سے اصغرؔوحسرتؔ کے بعد آتاہے لیکن ہردلعزیزی اورعام مقبولیت میں وہ سب سے بلند اورفائق تھے۔ہرشاعر کاکلام تدریجی ارتقا کی منزلوں سے گزر کرپختگی و پائیداری کے مرتبہ تک پہنچتا ہے جہاں اس کو انفرادیت حاصل ہوتی ہے لیکن بڑے شاعروں کے کلام میں تدیجی ارتقا کی مختلف کڑیوں کامعلوم کرلینا اس قدر آسان نہیں ہوتا جتنا کہ مرحوم کے کلام میں ہے۔المجاز قنطرۃ الحقیقہ کا مقولہ اگر صحیح ہے توحضرت جگرؔ کاکلام اس کی سب سے بڑی روشن دلیل ہے۔یہی وجہ ہے کہ اُن کوشہرت ومقبولیت پہلے عوام میں حاصل ہوئی، پھر طبقۂ خواص میں اُن کے فکر وفن کی عظمت وگیرائی کااعتراف پیداہوا۔اُن کے ابتدائی دور شاعری میں حسن وعشق ِمجازی کے طبعی معاملات اوراُن کے رازونیاز کی حقیقی تصویریں پوری آب وتاب اورعریاں شکل وانداز میں پائی جاتی ہیں،اس لیے ان تصویروں نے حسین ودلکش ترنم کے ساتھ مل کر عوام میں اورخصوصاً نوجوانوں میں ایک قیامت برپاکردی اورہرشخص جگر کے اشعار کا مانا ہوانظر آنے لگا۔لیکن وقت کے امتداد اور شعور وتجربہ کی مختلف آزمائشوں سے گزرنے کے ساتھ مرحوم کے فکر میں حسن کا تصور، مقید سے...

Cartoons as A Tool of Religious Instruction for School-Going Children: A Case Study of Sheikhupura City

This research elaborates on utilization of cartoons as a tool of religious instruction for children. Cartoons can be used as an instrument for children’s mental development because a child’s mind is like a plain slate, what you write leaves a long-lasting impact. Cartoons have become a favorite activity of children and they spend most of their leisure time on watching cartoons. Children’s interest in cartoons also impacts their mind according to the content and concept of cartoons. For this aim, cartoons with religious instructions were shown to children and interview of some children’s parents and teachers were done in Sheikhupura. The data collected from the observations and interviews done qualitatively for this research shows that cartoons are a very effective source of religious instruction for children. Children not only understand these instructions easily but also try to follow them.

Fabrication and Physical Characterization of Ni1-Xznxfe2o4 and Cu1-Xznxfe2o4 Ferrites

The effects of zinc substitution on the nickel based and copper based spinel ferrites have been investigated. Three series of spinel ferrites with nominal compositions Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0), Cu1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0), and Ni0.8-xCuxZn0.2Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8), were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction technique. The samples were characterized by SEM, X- ray diffraction, DC electrical resistivity, dielectric properties and magnetic properties measurements. Grain size was measured from the scanning electron micrographs. The average grain size of sintered ferrites was within the range of 2.36-6.16 μm, 26.75-3.25 μm, and 3.15-26.75 μm, for Ni-Zn, Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites respectively. The X-rays diffraction was done through PANalytical diffractometer using Cu Kα radiations (λ = 1.054Å). Lattice constant increased with the increase in zinc concentration in case of Ni1- xZnxFe2O4 and Cu1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites, whereas it increased with the increase in copper concentration in case of Ni0.8-xCuxZn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites. Sintered density increased with the increase in zinc concentration in case of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Cu1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites whereas it increased with the increase in copper concentration in case of Ni0.8-xCuxZn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites. X-ray density decreased with the increase in zinc concentration in case of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Cu1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites whereas it decreased with the increase in copper concentration in case of Ni0.8-xCuxZn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites. Porosity decreased with the increase in zinc concentration in case of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Cu1- xZnxFe2O4 ferrites whereas it decreased with the increase in copper concentration in case of Ni0.8-xCuxZn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites. DC electrical resistivity measurements were carried out by two-probe method from 300 K to 540 K in case of Ni-Zn ferrites, 320 K to 520 K in case of Cu-Zn ferrites and 305 K to 603 K in case of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites. Activation energy and drift mobility were also calculated from the measured resistivity. The dielectric constant was measured as a function of Zn substitution in Ni-Zn ferrites as well as a function of Cu concentration in Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss factors were measured as a function of frequency for all the samples in the range of 80 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature. The ac conductivity σac in case of Ni-Zn ferrites was also measured. To measure the magnetic properties of the prepared materials, the M-H loop of the specimen were drawn. From the M-H loop of the sintered materials, we measured saturation magnetization. Magnetic moment, coercivity and Yafet-Kittel angles were also calculated. Saturation magnetization increased up to x = 0.4 and then decreased with the further increase in Zn concentration in case of Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn ferrites whereas it decreased with the increase in Cu concentration in case of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites. The magnetic moment also had the similar trend. Coercivity decreased with the increase in Zn concentration in case of Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn ferrites. The Yafet-Kittel (Y-K) angles initially had zero value and then increased with the rise in Zn concentration for x > 0.2, x > 0.4, x > 0 in case of Ni-Zn, Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites respectively.
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