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چشم کشا انٹر ویو

چشم کُشا انٹر ویو

پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کن حالات و مقاصد کے لیے قائم ہوئی ،پارٹی سے قبل لاہور کی کن شخصیات سے بھٹو صاحب کی قربت تھی ۔شہید بھٹو کی پارٹی کے قیام سے پہلے لاہور ،لائلپور ،گجرات کے دوروں کے دوران عوام کی طرف سے والہانہ اظہار محبت کے کیا کیا واقعات پیش آئے ،تاسیسی اجلاس میں لاہور ،قصور ،راولپنڈی ،فیصل آباد ،سرگودھا ،ملتان ،ساہیوال ،وہاڑی اور سندھ سے شریک ہو نے والے مندوبین کون تھے ۔لیفٹ کی بھٹو شہید سے نفرت کے محرکات کیا ہیں ۔ہالا کنونشن میں معراج محمد خان کی طرف سے پرچی کی بجائے برچھی سے خون سوشلسٹ انقلاب کے مطالبہ پر قائد عوام نے کیا جواب دیا ۔۔۔۔یہ سب کچھ جاننے کے لیے پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے بانی،رکن ،شہید بھٹو کے ساتھی ،ترقی پسند دانشور ،شاعر ،محقق و ادیب جناب اسلم گورداسپوری کا چشم کشا مضمون ۔

عام تاثر یہی تھا اور اب بھی ہے کہ پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی والے کھلے ،ڈلے ،منہ پھٹ ،سر کش ، اپنی لیڈر شپ کے ساتھ زیادہ فرینک قسم کے لوگ ہوتے ہیں جبکہ مسلم لیگیے عموما کاروباری ٹائپ ، میسنے ،موقع شناس و موقع پرست چاپلوس قسم کی طبیعتوںکے مالک ہو تے ہیں جوکبھی ’’گیلے ‘‘پر پائوںنہیں رکھتے ،رسک نہیں لیتے ،انتہائی لچکدار ’’کردار ‘‘کے حامل ہوتے ہیں ۔ماضی کی حد تک یہ تاثر شاید درست بھی تھا کہ معراج محمد خان ،مختار رانا آف لائلپور ،جے اے رحیم اور حنیف رامے جیسے نرم مزاج ،دانشور مصور فنکار قسم کے لوگ بھی بھٹو جیسے بندے کے خلاف ڈھے گئے ۔جبکہ مسلم لیگ کے مزاج میں سازش اور ٹانگیں کھینچنا تو موجود تھا لیکن آنکھوں میں آنکھیں ڈال کر مزاحمت کا رواج ہر گز نہیں تھا لیکن اب تو یوں محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ رولز ہی ریورس ہوگئے...

تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Niclosamide Bcs-Ii and Sulfasalazine Bcs-Iv Drugs

New drug entities with poor aqueous solubility are becoming more prevalent as result of high-throughput screening in drug discovery. Poor aqueous solubility presents significant challenges, as it reduces the absorption and oral bioavailability. Several formulation approaches have been employed to overcome the limitations of low dissolution rate and/or solubility including; pH-adjustment, co-solvents, surfactants, inclusion complexes, lipid-based formulations i.e. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and nano-suspensions. In this study efforts are made for the selection of formulation approach based on the drug properties and the required specifications of the final dosage form. Among these formulation approaches solid lipid nanoparticles were selected with the aim of improving solubility/bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drugs; BCS-II (Niclosamide) and BCS-IV (Sulfasalazine). Two different techniques i.e. Micro-emulsion Technique and Solvent Emulsification Diffusion Technique were used to fabricate SLNs. The SLNs formulations were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray Diffraction (P-XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The SLNs formulations loaded with Niclosamide and Sulfasalazine were successfully converted to solid dosage form followed by similarity study. In-vitro studies of SLNs formulations in comparison with marketed dosage form showed improvement in solubility and dissolution while the in-vivo studies confirmed improved oral bioavailability. Niclosamide loaded SLNs fabricated by Micro Emulsion Technique having particle size 204.2 ± 2.2 nm, polydispersity index 0.328 ± 0.02, zeta potential -33.16 ± 2mv, entrapment efficiency 84.4 ± 0.02%, and drug loading capacity 5.27 ± 0.03% were obtained. Different kinetic models showed zero order kinetics and Case-II transport mechanism. In-vivo pharmacokinetic study showed 2.15-fold increase in peak plasma concentration for Niclosamide loaded SLNs while relative bioavailability (Fr) of 11.08. Fabrication of Niclosamide loaded SLNs using Solvent Emulsification Diffusion Technique showed particle size 208.6 ± 2.2 nm, polydispersity index 0.376 ± 0.04, zeta potential -34.11 ± 1.2 mv, entrapment efficiency 85.4 ± 0.04% and drug loading capacity 3.18 ± 0.04 %. Observed zero order kinetics with case-II transport, the range in the parenthesis might be helpful for the drug release mechanism. 2.04-fold increase in peak plasma concentration was observed in pharmacokinetic study with relative bioavailability (Fr) of 10.59. In case of Sulfasalazine-SLNs prepared by Micro Emulsion Technique having particle size 217.2 ± 3.2nm, PDI 0.373 ± 0.02, zeta potential -35.26 ± 2mV, entrapment efficiency 89.1 ± 0.03% and drug loading capacity 2.87 ± 0.05% were obtained. Kinetic modelling studies showed mixed order kinetics for drug release. Release exponent was more than 0.89, regarded as Super Case-II diffusion mechanism. In-vivo pharmacokinetic study showed 2.43-fold increase in oral bioavailability of sulfasalazine as SLN formulation compared to commercial product. Solvent Emulsification Diffusion Technique was used to fabricate Sulfasalazine loaded SLNs, showed particle size 202.3 ± 2.2 nm, PDI 0.376 ± 0.02, zeta potential -35.82 ± 2 mV, entrapment efficiency 86.3 ± 0.02% and drug loading capacity 3.03 ± 0.04%. Zero order kinetics and Case-II transport mechanism for drug release was observed with 1.86-fold increase in peak plasma concentration during pharmacokinetic study. These studies validated that, SLNs as nanoparticulate drug delivery system enhanced oral bioavailability of Niclosamide and Sulphasalazine. Hence, these studies provide new strategies for the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.
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