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محمد مسلم

محمد مسلم
اگست ۱۹۸۶؁ء کے شروع میں جناب محمد مسلم صاحب سابق ایڈیٹر روزنامہ ’’دعوت‘‘ دہلی کی وفات بھی ان کے جاننے والوں کے لیے ایک المناک سانحہ ہے، ان سے تقریباً پون صدی تک برابر ملتا رہا، ہر ملاقات میں ان کی شرافت اخلاق سے متاثر ہوا، ان کا نسبی تعلق سالار مسعود غازی سے تھا، ان کا خاندان دہلی میں آکر آباد ہوا، ۱۸۵۷؁ء میں ان کے خاندان والے انگریزوں کی نظروں میں معتوب ہوئے، تو وہ بھوپال منتقل ہوگئے، وہیں محمد مسلم صاحب کی پیدائش ہوئی، نوجوانی میں اپنے اسلامی جذبہ کی بنا پر خاکسار تحریک سے متاثر ہوئے، پھر جماعت اسلامی میں شریک ہوگئے، اس حلقہ میں اپنی سوجھ بوجھ کی وجہ سے بڑے قابل قدر سمجھے جانے لگے، جب روزنامۂ دعوت کے ایڈیٹر ہوئے تو صحافت نگاری میں اپنی اصابت رائے کی وجہ سے بڑی شہرت حاصل کی، بیرونی ممالک کے سفر پر بھی گئے، اور جب ڈاکٹر سید محمود سابق مملکت امور خارجہ حکومت ہند نے مجلس مشاورت قائم کی تو ان کو جناب محمد مسلم کی سیاسی بصیرت پر بڑا اعتماد رہا، انھوں نے بھی اس میں اپنی مخلصانہ سیاسی سرگرمیوں سے یہ ثابت کر دکھایا کہ وہ سچے مسلمان بھی ہیں اور سچے محب وطن بھی، اس کی تفریق کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں کہ وہ پہلے کیا ہیں؟ مسلمان یا ہندوستانی، یا ہندوستانی پہلے اور مسلمان بعد میں، سچا مسلمان ہی سچا محب وطن ہوسکتا ہے، ایک طویل علالت کے بعد دہلی میں وفات پائی، انھوں نے جو پاک دل، پاک باطن اور پاک نفس پایا تھا، ان کی بدولت امید ہے کہ وہ مغفرت الٰہی سے ضرور نوازے جائیں گے، آمین۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، ستمبر ۱۹۸۶ء)

The Gray area Beyond Raised Objections (Sharia’h Perspective) Regarding In-practice Islamic Banking System

Shari‘ah’s teachings are perfect and forever. They leave everlasting impacts on society towards its spiritual as well as material purification (Tazkia) if implemented properly according to Qur’an and Sunnah. Interest (Sood/Rib┐) has been forbidden by Almighty Allah whereas Trade (Ba‘a) has been legitimated. To bring the Muslims of today out of Interest-based Banking System, religious scholars have outlined and introduced Islamic Banking System which, although, has got fast growth in market but still, a number of objections are being raised by different scholars leading to an impression that this system is not working in accordance with Shari‘ah. This not only discourages the entry of new ones to Islamic Banking Sector but also create confusions in the minds of the enlisted customers. Keeping in view the above scenario, need is felt to assess, evaluate and analyze the Objections raised with special emphasis on Islamic Concept of Bank, Charity Fund (Iltez┐m be tasaduq) and Mur┐ba╒a being the major points of objections of the critics. The present study investigates different aspects and dimensions of these objections in the context of Shariah and ground realities in order to know the extent of validity of these objections, highlight the gray areas giving rise to objections and give real picture to the public in general and enhance the satisfactory level of the enlisted Islamic Banking customers in particular.

Generalization of Mixed Means and Related Results

Inequalities lie at the heart of a great deal of mathematics. G. H. Hardy reported Harald Bohr as saying ‘all analysts spend half their time hunting through the literature for inequalities which they want to use but cannot prove’. Inequalities involving means open many doors for analysts e.g generalization of mixed means fallouts the refinements to the important inequalities of Holder and Minkowski. The well known Jensen’s inequality asserts a remarkable relation among the mean and the mean of function values and any improvement or refinements of Jensen’s inequality is a source to enrichment of monotone property of mixed means. our aim is to utilize all known refinements of Jensen’s inequality to give the re- finements of inequality among the power means by newly defined mixed symmetric means. In this context, our results not only ensures the generalization of classical but also speak about the most recent notions (e.g n-exponential convexity) of this era. In first chapter we start with few basic notions about means and convex functions. Then the classical Jensen’s inequality and the historical results about refinements of Jensen’s inequality are given from the literature together with their applications to the mixed symmetric means. In second chapter we consider recent refinements of Jensen’s inequality to refine inequality between power means by mixed symmetric means with positive weights under more comprehensive settings of index set. A new refinement of the classical Jensen’s inequality is also established. The Popovicui type inequality is generalized using green function. Using these refinements we define various versions of linear functionals that are positive on convex functions. This step ultimately leads us to viiviii the important and recently revitalized area of exponential convexity. Mean value theorems are proved for these functionals. Some non-trivial examples of exponential convexity and some classes of Cauchy means are given. These examples are further used to show monotonicity in defining parameters of constructed Cauchy means. In third chapter we develop the refinements of discrete Jensen’s inequality for con- vex functions of several variables which causes the generalizations of Beck’s results. The consequences of Beck’s results are given in more general settings. We also gen- eralize the inequalities of H ̈older and Minkowski by using the Quasiarithmetic mean function. In forth chapter we investigate the class of self-adjoint operators defined on a Hilbert space, whose spectra are contained in an interval. We extend several re- finements of the discrete Jensen’s inequality for convex functions to operator convex functions. The mixed symmetric operator means are defined for a subclass of positive self-adjoint operators to give the refinements of inequality between power means of strictly positive operators. In last chapter, some new refinements are given for Jensen’s type inequalities in- volving the determinants of positive definite matrices. Bellman-Bergstrom-Fan func- tionals are considered. These functionals are not only concave, but superlinear which is a stronger condition. The results take advantage of this property.
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