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اسم ِ استفہامیہ : أنّٰی کہاں؟

اسم ِ استفہامیہ :أنّٰی کہاں؟

ارشادِ ربانی ہے:

"اَنّٰى لَهُمُ الذِّكْرٰى وَقَدْ جَاءَهُمْ رَسُوْلٌ مُّبِيْنٌ"۔ [[1]]

"ان کے لئے نصیحت کہاں ہے؟ کھول کھول کر بیان کرنے والے پیغمبر ان کے پاس آچکے"۔

رسولِ مُبین کے دو مطلب ہیں ۔

ایک یہ کہ اس کا رسول ہونا اس کی سیرت، اس کے اخلاق و کردار اور اس کے کارناموں سے عیاں ہے۔

 دوسرا یہ کہ اس نے حقیقت کو کھول، کھول کر بیان کرنے میں کوئی کسر نہیں اٹھا رکھی ہے۔اُس وقت یہ ماننے کا کوئی فائدہ نہیں : سو ارشاد فرمایا گیا کہ " اس وقت ان کے لیے نصیحت کا کوئی موقع کہاں باقی رہا جبکہ اس سے پہلے آچکے انکے پاس کھول کر بیان کرنے والے ایک عظیم الشان رسول " ۔ ایسے عظیم الشان رسول جن کی صداقت و حقانیت روز روشن کی طرح واضح تھی۔ اور واضح ہے۔ مگر پھر بھی یہ لوگ ایمان نہیں لائے تو اس کے بعد اب کیسے اور کیا ایمان لائیں گے؟ سو اس وقت ان کی تذلیل و تخجیل کیلئے اللہ کی طرف سے انکو یہ جواب دیا جائے گا۔ بہرکیف ارشاد فرمایا گیا کہ اِعلانِ حق کے پہنچ جانے اور اس کے دیکھ لینے کے بعد ایمان لانے اور نصیحت قبول کرنے کا موقع کہاں باقی رہے گا۔ بالخصوص جبکہ انکے پاس اِتمامِ حجت کیلئے اللہ تعالیٰ کی طرف سے ایک ایسا عظیم الشان رسول بھی پہنچ گیا جس نے انکے سامنے حق کو پوری طرح واضح کرکے اور نکھار کر بیان کر دیا تھا۔ لیکن انہوں نے اس کی بات کو مان کر نہ دیا سو ایمان لانے کا وہ موقع جب گزر گیا تو...

Istisnā’- a Realistic Approach to the Concept in Islamic Finance and its Application to the Agricultural Sector in Pakistan

Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities.  For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.

Documentation of Parasitic Diseases and Traditional Veterinary Practices of Equines in Punjab, Pakistan

This study was carried out for the (i) development of an inventory of the diseases of equines prevalent in three districts (Faisalabad, Sargodha and Lahore) of Punjab (Pakistan), with special emphasis on the parasitic diseases, and (ii) documentation of traditional veterinary medicine/practices (TVPs) in equines. The study was carried out in three districts (Faisalabad, Sargodha and Lahore) of Punjab-Pakistan. Survey was done with the help of Brooke Hospitals for Animals, Pakistan located at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF)-Pakistan. A total of 450 equine farmers constituted the key respondents for this study. One hundred and fifty respondents represented each of the three districts of Faisalabad, Sargodha and Lahore. Interviews, focused group discussions and field visits were conducted with the respondents. A total of 450 equines including 147 horses, 230 donkeys and 73 mules were subjected to clinical examination, blood examination and necropsy for the documentation of diseases/condition of equines in study area. A total of 53 diseases/conditions were documented in different species of equines in the study area. Internal parasites (32.2%) constituted the major category of ailments followed by wounds (26.9%), bacterial infections (20.4%), lameness (12.9%), miscellaneous (12.7%), gastrointestinal disorders (7.6%), bronchitis/cough (7.3%), allergic dermatitis (7.1%), external parasites (6.2%), colic (5.3%), eye problems (3.1%), hematuria (1.8%) and quidding (1.1%). Horses were most diversely affected (n=47/53) followed by donkeys (n=44/53) and mules (n=24/53). A total of 60 plants and 44 materials other than plants were documented for their use in different diseases/conditions of equines. Maximum number of remedies/prescriptions was documented for the treatment of wounds (n=57) followed by lameness (n=40), bronchitis and colic (n=21), anorexia (n=19), dermatitis (n=16), weakness (n=13), internal parasites (n=12), external parasites (n=11), fever (n=09), heat stress and retention of urine (n=08), swelling and toxemeia (n=07), indigestion (n=06), diarrhea and pain (n=05), haematuria (n=04), quidding (n=03), bad habits, eye problem and tetanus (n=02). Similar trend was seen for the number of TVPs used for different diseases/conditions being highest (n=121) for wounds and the lowest for tetanus (n=02). The number of plants used for different diseases/conditions also varied being maximum for lameness (n=21) followed by anorexia (n=17), wounds (n=16), weakness (n=14), bronchitis (n=12), fever and indigestion (n=11). The maximum number of materials other than plants was used for wounds (n=17) followed by lameness (n=16) and colic (n=12). Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Vernonia anthelmintica, Capsicum annum, Brassica campestris, and Trachyspermum ammi were the most diversely used plants. Twenty six of the 44 materials other than plants were used for the treatment of more than one disease/condition. Jaggery, water, common salt, black salt, alum stone and milk were the most diversely and frequently used materials other than plants. It is, recommended that (i) disease prevalence studies should be conducted on larger scale, (ii) documentation work may be expanded to other areas having rich cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge, (ii) all the plants used in TVPs may be subjected to standard scientific procedures for their validation, dose standardization and safety/toxicity studies, (iii) use of materials other than plants be rationalized and (iii) results of the present study should be shared with the equine owners and education/training programs on best equine husbandry practices be carried out.
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