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حافظ محمد ابراہیم

حافظ محمد ابراہیم
افسوس ہے جنوری کے تیسرے ہفتہ میں حافظ محمد ابراہیم صاحب ایک طویل علالت کے دہلی میں وفات پاگئے۔ نماز جنازہ شاہ جہانی جامع مسجد میں پڑھی گئی اوراس کے بعد تدفین نگینہ میں ہوئی۔انتقال کے وقت عمر ۷۷۔ ۷۸ برس کی ہوگی۔ مرحوم علی گڑھ کی پرانی نسل کے ایک فرد تھے۔یہیں فلسفہ اور اقتصادیات کے مضامین کے ساتھ بی۔اے اورپھرایل۔ایل۔بی کیا۔اپنی ذہانت،طباعی اور لیاقت کے باعث اساتذہ اورطلباء میں ہمیشہ نیک نام اورہر دل عزیز رہے۔ دیوبند کے مکتبۂ فکر کے زیر اثر قوم پرورانہ خیالات اور جذبات شروع سے رکھتے تھے۔ چنانچہ جن لوگوں نے مرحوم کا عہد طالب علمی دیکھاہے ان کابیان ہے کہ مرحوم اس زمانہ میں بھی سرسید کے سیاسی افکار کے مخالف تھے اور اس پر اپنے ساتھیوں سے محبت کرتے تھے۔علی گڑھ سے فراغت کے بعد اپنے وطن نگینہ میں پریکٹس شروع کی اورایڈوکیٹ کی حیثیت سے بہت جلد صوبہ بھر میں مشہور ہوگئے لیکن نیشنلسٹ فطرتاًتھے۔اس لیے تحریک موالات شروع ہوئی تواُس میں بڑھ چڑھ کرحصہ لیااورپھر جنگ آزادی کادورآیا توہمیشہ اُس کے ہراوّل دستہ میں رہے۔اس سلسلہ میں جیل گئے اوردوسری پریشانیاں بھی اٹھائیں لیکن پائے ثبات میں لغزش نہ ہوئی۔ پھر جب قومی وزارتوں کا عہد شروع ہوا تو پہلے اتر پردیش میں اور پھر مرکز میں وزیر رہے، آخر میں پنجاب کے گورنر تھے۔ بیماری کے باعث اس سے مستعفی ہوکرگھر آ بیٹھے تھے اوریہی بیماری آخرجان لیوا ثابت ہوئی۔ نہایت خوش خلق، مہمان نواز اور فیاض و سیرچشم تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت ورحمت کی نعمتوں سے سرفرازفرمائے۔آمین [فروری۱۹۶۸ء]

 

Immunization crisis may develop due to economic crisis during COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis with 61, 149,391 confirmed cases and 370,478 deaths till 29May, 2020 [1]. This pandemic has shattered many economies with an estimated loss of $5.8 trillion to $8.8 trillion globally. This economic loss can result in reduction in funds to World Health Organization. Unfortunately, United States of America (USA) has announced termination of any further funding to WHO which can lead to another global health crisis[2]. As WHO is a voluntary funding based organization its main donor are America, China, Japan, Germany and United Kingdom. Among these USA is the main donor with a contribution of $115.8million alone followed by China $57.4 million, Japan $41million, Germany $29.1 million and UK $21.9 million [3].  America’s termination of funding can put WHO and child health programs in serious crisis. Among many programs run by WHO one of the most important program is immunization of children. Immunization coverage programs  save 2-3 million livesper year causing decline in measles related deaths, eradication of polio, surveillance of rotavirus, BCG and DTaP vaccination in children[4]. It is estimated that during MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) there is overall decline in child related mortalities due to malaria, measles, diarrhea, AIDS and meningitis [5]. Remarkable results are achieved with measles are diarrhea immunization programs causing a decline in death rate by 73% and 80% respectively. According to a study with current success rate diarrhea related deaths can be virtually eliminated by 2030. Another successful program is “End Polio” program which eradicated polio from world except from Pakistan and Afghanistan [4][6]. This termination of funds to WHO can waste all previous efforts in developing countries. On the other hand despite of all efforts still 19.4 million children did not received prescribed dose of vaccines. Data analysis revealed among these  60% of children belong to 10 developing countries namelyAngola, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam [4]. These countries mainly rely on foreign funding and Non-Government Organization (NGOs) for child health care programs.

Nitridation of Materials Stainless Steel, Al Alloy Using Cold Plasma

The work presented in this thesis deals with the Cold Plasma, generated by a cost effective 50 Hz ac and 100 Hz pulsed dc electric power source. Characterization of nitrogen and argon-nitrogen plasma is carried out using different plasma diagnostics (Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy) as well as various parameters, for the nitridation of materials such as AISI-4140 steel and aluminium alloy (Al-Mg 2 -Si). Surface changes induced in materials by nitrogen and argon-nitrogen plasma are described using different material’s surface diagnostic techniques. In the first experiment, Langmuir probe measurements are carried out to characterize 50 Hz ac generated nitrogen plasma as a function of filling pressure (2–5 mbar ) under constant power level. Plasma nitriding of AISI-4140 steel is executed for different time durations (2, 6, 10 and 14 h ) at filling pressures of 2 and 3 mbar , keeping the input power at 100 W and substrate temperature at 300 ο C . The plasma nitrided samples are characterized for their surface properties by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Vickers microhardness tester. Results demonstrate the formation of nitrogen infused ferrite phase ( α N − Fe ) owing to the inclusion of nitrogen in the original iron lattice as interstitial solid solution. Significant increase in the surface hardness is observed when samples are treated for 14 h at a filling pressure of 2 mbar . The rapid decrease in the hardness value with increase in imposed load suggests the formation of the skinny modified layer. In the second experiment, 50 Hz ac abnormal glow discharge is characterized as a function of filling pressure (1–4 mbar ) using a Langmuir probe. It is found that electron temperature, electron density and electron energy distribution function decrease with the gas filling pressure. Nitriding of aluminum alloy (Al-Mg 2 -Si) is performed for various time durations (3, 6, 9 and 12 h ) and pressures (1 and 2 mbar ) by keeping the input power (100 W ) and substrate temperature (250 ο C ) constant. To explore the surface properties induced by plasma, X-ray diffractometer, optical micrography, atomic force microscopy and Vickers micro-hardness tester diagnostic techniques are used. Results exhibit the formation of cubic aluminum nitride (AlN). A significant increase in surface xivhardness is observed when samples are exposed at 1 mbar pressure for 12 h of processing time. A rapid decrease in surface hardness values with the imposed load suggests the formation of a thin modified surface layer. Langmuir probe diagnostic is used to determine the plasma parameters for argon mixing in nitrogen using ac generated plasma source. Results reveal that argon mixing in nitrogen plasma is an effective mode to increase electron density. Nitriding of aluminum alloy is performed in nitrogen-argon mixture (1:1) plasmas, to investigate the effect of argon mixing on surface properties. Samples are exposed for 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at a filling pressure of 2 mbar and an electrical input power of 100 W. The analysis is carried out by using x-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers micro hardness tester to investigate surface changes induced by plasma. X-ray diffractometer results exhibit the formation of cubic aluminum nitride (AlN) thin modified surface layer by reactive ac sputtering with argon as a sputtering gas and nitrogen as reactive gas. Moreover, significant increase in surface hardness is found for 12 h nitrided samples in nitrogen-argon mixture plasma. In this experiment, nitriding behavior of stainless steel is investigated using pulsed dc (100 Hz) plasma. Active species of nitrogen in plasma play key role in nitriding the substrate. Therefore, optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe diagnostics are used to determine the plasma parameters. Measurements are carried out for different pressure (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mbar) and power (25, 50, 75 and 100 W) to optimize the plasma nitriding process. Electron temperature and electron density are evaluated by using intensity ratio of two atomic nitrogen lines (746.8 nm and 869.1 nm) and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a Stark broadened line (746.8 nm) respectively. Langmuir probe is also used for determination of electron temperature, density, flux and velocity in plasma. These parameters are found to be strongly affected by the pressure and power. However, more energetic electrons are produced at 1 mbar pressure and 100 W power, which are responsible for enhanced plasma-reaction with stainless steel. Nitriding is performed under this optimum condition for 4, 8 and 12 h of treatment time. Nitrided samples are characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to study the growth and structural properties of nitrided layer. XRD xvresults exhibit the formation of dominant ε − Fe 3 N phase which is also observed by FT- IR spectrum. SEM and AFM micrographs showed the modified surfaces of exposing samples.
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