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عبداﷲ کنون

اُستاد عبداﷲ کنون
معاصر مراکشی عالم ، مورخ اور ادیب
( شیخ نذیر حسین )
عصر حاضر کے ممتاز مراکشی مصلح، عالم، ادیب اور مورخ استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ۹؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۹؁ء کو بیاسی برس کی عمر میں انتقال کیا۔ ان کی ساری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس، تصنیف و تالیف اور دعوت و تجدید میں گزری۔ وہ ۱۳۲۶؁ھ؍ ۱۹۰۸؁ء میں فاس میں پیدا ہوئے، انھوں نے دینی اور روحانی ماحول میں پرورش پائی۔جب مراکش پر فرانسیسی سیادت قائم ہوگئی تو ان کے والد عبدالصمد طنجہ (Tangier) کے بین الاقوامی شہر میں چلے آئے۔ اس کے بعد وہ ہجرت کرکے مدینہ منورہ جانا چاہتے تھے، لیکن پہلی جنگ عظیم کے باعث وہ اپنے خاندان سمیت طنجہ ہی میں ہمیشہ کے لیے مقیم ہوگئے۔
استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے والد ماجد اور اعلیٰ تعلیم مراکش کے مشاہیر علماء سے پائی۔ بیس برس کی عمر میں وہ تعلیم و تدریس کے علاوہ اخباروں اور رسالوں میں مضامین لکھنے لگے۔ اس وقت سرکاری مدارس میں فرانسیسی زبان کا چلن تھا اور عربی زبان خارج ازنصاب تعلیم تھی، اس لیے استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے مسلمان بچوں اور بچیوں کی تعلیم کے لیے طنجہ اور تطوان میں آزاد مدارس کھولے، جہاں ذریعہ تعلیم عربی زبان تھی۔
۱۹۵۳؁ء میں فرانسیسیوں نے سلطان محمد خامس کو معزول کرکے ایک غیر مقبول شخصیت کو مراکش کے تخت پر بٹھادیا تو سارا ملک سراپا احتجاج بن گیا۔ سلطان کی بحالی کی تحریک میں استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے قائدانہ کردار ادا کیا۔ جب سلطان محمد خامس مراکش کے تاج و تخت پر دوبارہ متمکن ہوئے تو انھوں نے عبداﷲ کنون کو طنجہ کا حاکم اعلیٰ مقرر کیا۔ اس کے بعد جب طنجہ کے بین الاقوامی علاقے کا مراکش میں انضمام ہوا تو وہ سیاسی اور مالی معاملات طے کرنے کے لیے دول یورپ اور حکومت...

Effect of Information and Communication Technology on The Development of Higher Order Thinking Skills Among Students at University Level

In this era the use of information communication technology in every walk of life is not a lie especially its use in education to facilitate the process of teaching and learning. The objectives of study were to explore the practice of ICT among students at university level, to examine the level of higher order thinking skills among students at university level and to find out the effect of information communication technology on the development of higher order thinking skills among students at university level. The study contains proposed model which was based on ICT tools and HOTs. The researcher used quantitative approach, and its design was correlation which is a type of descriptive research. Population was based on undergraduate university students of social sciences of 3 universities of Islamabad. Convenient sampling technique was used. The sample was based on 10% of entire population. The results were interpreted, and recommendation were suggested. The study results showed average level of higher order thinking skills among university students. Results also showed that mean values were agree about the practice of ICT at university level. It was revealed that there was a significant effect of ICT on the development of HOTS at university level. It is recommended that through training, practice and classroom activities the students may be able to find the required information, to analyze it and to build HOTS. Universities may recruit highly skilled technical personnel in the ICT units of their institutions and create a consciousness in them to develop innovative ideas for better training of student’s higher order thinking skill.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Injury After Non-Cardiac Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi

Aim: To determine the incidence and risk factors for acute myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi. Design: Prospective cohort study Background: Myocardial injury is the most common major cardiovascular complication in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Large numbers of intermediate-risk and high-risk cardiac patients will be undergoing surgery as the population grows older, and thus myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery could be a rising problem. Patients and Setting: Adult participants undergoing intermediate and high risk non-cardiac surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi were evaluated for incidence and risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery. Methodology: The study was conducted over 5 months and recruited eligible participants who were scheduled to undergo intermediate and high risk non-cardiac surgery. Their age, gender, height, weight, blood pressure, random blood sugar, haemoglobin, creatinine were assessed preoperatively and later on, an electrocardiogram as well as highly sensitive cardiac troponin T were measured 24 hours postoperatively. Results: 128 participants were evaluated for the incidence and risk factors for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery in this study. Of these, 87.5% underwent intermediate surgery. None of the participants developed ischemic chest pain. 21% had electrocardiographic changes; 12% had T-wave inversion, 9% had ST-depression and none had ST-elevation or new left bundle branch block. 25% of the participants had elevated troponin (>14ng/ml) but only 12.5% had a significantly elevated troponin (>50ng/ml). The odds ratio for hypertension, diabetes, elevated random blood sugar were 19.9(95% confidence interval, 1.1-340.2), 11.5(95% confidence interval, 3.6-37.1) and 2.6(95% confidence interval, 1.8- 3.9) respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of acute myocardial injury after high and intermediate risk non-cardiac surgery at the Aga Khan University Nairobi is 12.5%. Hypertension, diabetes and elevated random blood sugar significantly increase the risk of developing acute myocardial injury after high and intermediate risk non-cardiac surgery.
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