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مولانا مودودی ؒ کی تفسیر نگاری پر  پر ایک نظر

مولانا مودودی ؒ کی تفسیرنگاری پر  پر ایک نظر

ڈاکٹر عبدالمنان چیمہ

قرآن مجید ساری انسانیت کے لیے دستور ِ حیات کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ قرآنی  آیات گہرے معانی اور حکمت کو سمیٹے ہوئے ہیں۔  تفسیرالقرآن کا مقصد وحی الٰہی کے مطلوبہ پیغام کو دنیا کے سامنے سہل انداز میں  اجاگر کرنا ہےتاکہ  اسے دنیا بھر  عوام الناس کے لیے زیادہ  سے زیادہ قابل  قابل فہم بنایا جائے۔  اردو تفاسیر میں سےایک تفسیر  "تفہیم القرآن" ہے، جسے 20ویں صدی کے معروف اسلامی اسکالر اور  عظیم مفکر  مولانا ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی نے تصنیف کیا ہے۔ اس مضمون میں مولانا مودودی اور ان کی تفسیر" تفہیم القرآن " پر نظر ڈالی گئی ہے۔

مولانا ابوالاعلیٰ مودودی (1903-1979) برصغیر پاک و ہند کے ایک ممتاز اسلامی اسکالر ، عظیم  فلسفی اور نامور مصنف  تھے۔ وہ اورنگ آباد-حیدر آباد دکن(بھارت) میں 1903ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ بعد ازاں پاکستان کی طرف  ہجرت کی، جہاں  ملک کے سیاسی اور مذہبی منظر نامے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ مولانا نے   ایک بڑی  مسلم تحریک "جماعت اسلامی "کی بنیاد رکھی۔ ان کی دینی خدمات کے پیش نظر ان کو 1979ء میں شاہ فیصل ایوارڈ سے نوازا گیا ۔مولانانے 1979ء میں وفات پائی۔ ان کا نماز جنازہ قذافی سٹیڈیم لاہور میں مصر کے معروف فلاسفر ڈاکٹر  یوسف القرضاوی نے پڑھایا۔اسلامی ادب میں ان کی بہت سی خدمات ہیں۔" تفہیم القرآن" مولانا  کے اہم ترین کارناموں میں سے ایک ہے۔یہ تفسیر 6 جلدوں میں مطبوع ہے۔مولانا ہر سورۃ کے آغاز میں اس کے تمام مباحث کو نکات کی شکل میں بیان کرتے ہیں۔

تفہیم القرآن قرآنی تعلیمات کے عصری اطلاق پر زور دینے میں منفرد  حیثیت رکھتی ہے۔ مولانا مودودی نے مسلم امہ  کو درپیش عصری سماجی، سیاسی اور تہذیبی چیلنجوں سے نمٹنے کے لیے...

نکاح اور پاکستانی معاشرے میں شادی بیاہ کے مروجہ رسوم کا تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ

The enlightened and moderated teachings of Islam empowered every one of the human society, specially the woman who used to be much oppressed in all civilizations of the world before emergence of Islam. Islam gave them an elevated status in all over the world in the status of mother, sisters, daughter and wife. It declared null and void the ignorance rules against them and, prohibited their sexual exploitation. Moreover, Islam gave a regular system of nikkah and marriages for women. The holy Prophet peace be upon him declared nikkah and marriage as his Sunnah and kept its procedure very simple. Furthermore,  he described marriage as a gigantic source of achieving chastity, but today in Pakistan the marriages have been made very complex and costly because of the   unIslamic customs and traditions. Those unIslamic customs became the part and parcel of the Pakistani marriages which not only made nikkah and marriage a difficult task but also devastated the economic, social and the religious life of Muslims. The Pakistani marriages are conducted with such customs of Mehndi, big congregations: Bharat, beating drums and singing songs. The article briefly discusses status of mirages in the pre Islamic era, Islamic concept and importance of nikkah and the new customs practiced in Pakistani marriages and their economic, social and religious impacts by best use of old and new resources.  

Acute Toxicity of Metals to the Fish Channa Marulius, Mystus Seenghala and Wallago Attu

The toxic effects of water-borne metals to the three carnivorous fish species viz. Channa marulius, Mystus seenghala and Wallago attu were determined in two phases i.e. (i) acute toxicity of individual metals and metals mixture to the fish and (ii) bioaccumulation of metals in the fish organs during acute toxicity exposures. The acute toxicities of individual metals viz. aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and Al+As+Co+Ni mixture (MM), in terms of 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations, to three length groups (50, 100 and 150mm) of C. marulius, M. seenghala and W. attu were determined at constant water temperature, pH and total hardness of 28oC, 8 and 250mgL- 1, respectively. The metals accumulation pattern in the fish organs viz. gills, liver, kidney, heart, gut, intestine, muscles, bones and skin of three fish species of 50, 100 and 150mm length groups was also determined at both 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations of individual metals and MM, separately. Moreover, during each acute toxicity trial, the physico-chemical parameters viz. water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbondioxide, total hardness, total ammonia, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium of the test media, used for individual metals and MM, were also determined on 12 hourly basis. The tolerance limits of three carnivorous fish species for individual metals and metals mixture varied significantly at p<0.05. However, 150mm length groups of fish were significantly more tolerant to all the individual metals and MM toxicity than that of 100 and 50mm length groups. M. seenghala exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher sensitivity to all the individual metals and MM, followed by W. attu and C. marulius. The overall sensitivity measured in terms of 96 h LC50 of all the three fish species towards individual metals and MM followed the order: MM>As>Al>Co>Ni while that of lethal concentrations was MM>As>Al>Ni>Co indicating that exposure of MM to the fish caused additive effects on the fish. The accumulation of metals in the body organs of three fish species varied significantly due to acute exposure of individual metals and MM. Three length groups of fish showed significant variability to amass metals in their body organs also. The ability of three length groups of fish to bioaccumulate metals in their bodies, under acute exposure of individual metals and MM, followed the order: 150mm ˃ 100mm ˃ 50mm. At acute toxicity exposures, the overall ability of three species of fish to accumulate metals in their body organs followed the order: C. marulius ˃ W. attu ˃ M. seenghala with significant differences. “Therefore, these fish species may act as bio-indicators of metals pollution in the natural freshwaters” At 96 h LC50 exposure, the overall accumulation of metals was significantly higher due to exposure of MM (254.44±78.40µgg-1) in all the three fish species, followed by that of Co (163.12±57.11µgg-1), Ni (162.53±66.14µgg-1), Al (128.98±54.16µgg-1) and As (46.16±13.52µgg-1). However, at 96 h lethal concentration, the overall accumulation of metals in the body organs of all the three species of fish followed the order: MM ˃ Ni ˃ Co ˃ Al ˃ As. At 96 h LC50 exposure, the overall pattern of Al and As accumulations in the organs of all the three species of fish followed the order: liver > kidney > gills > heart > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles with significant differences. However, Co accumulation in the fish varied significantly (p˂0.05) that followed the order: liver ˃ kidney ˃ heart ˃ gills ˃ intestine ˃ gut ˃ bones ˃ skin ˃ muscles. Ni accumulation was significantly higher in the fish liver, followed by that in kidney, heart, gills, gut, intestine, bones, skin and muscles. In general, the 96 h lethal concentration exposure caused significantly higher amassing of Al and Co in the fish liver, followed by that in kidney, gills, heart, gut, intestine, bones, skin and muscles. Fish kidney showed significantly maximum ability to concentrate As while muscles had significantly minimum amassing of As. The accumulation of Ni in the body organs of three fish species followed the order: liver > kidney > heart > gills > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles. However, the overall accumulation pattern of metals in the fish organs varied significantly as liver > kidney > gills > heart > gut > intestine > bones > skin > muscles. The toxicity of individual metals and MM to fish modified significantly due to dissolved oxygen, carbondioxide, total ammonia, calcium and magnesium of the test media. Both 96 h LC50 and lethal concentrations of fish showed significantly positive correlations with carbondioxide and total ammonia contents of the test media. Moreover, LC50 and lethal concentrations of individual metals and MM showed significantly direct relationships with the accumulation of metals in the body organs of fish demonstrating significantly direct impacts on each other. This also shows significantly variable susceptibility of three fish species towards individual metals and MM. The significant differences among three fish species for their tendency to amass various metals in their body organs showed species specificity that correlates with their sensitivity to individual metals and MM. At higher concentration of metallic ions, fish encountered stressful conditions that caused significantly more activity of the fish resulting into an excessive excretion of ammonia and carbondioxide. The stressful concentrations of metals/MM also resulted into significant decrease in the dissolved oxygen contents of the test media. These hypoxic conditions would have resulted into higher ventilation rate leading to enhanced water flow over the fish gills. This situation leads to more vigorous consumption of oxygen by the fish resulting into significant decline of dissolved oxygen contents of the test media at higher concentration of metallic ions as observed during present investigation.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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