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محبوب کی یاد میں
محبوب کی یاد میں
اب تو آجا ساجن کہ ماحول ہے بڑا ساز گار
میری بے چین نگاہوں کو کب سے ہے انتظار
دل روتا ہے اور آنکھیں اشکبار رہتی ہیں
محبوب کے ملنے کا یہ بار بار کہتی ہیں
ہجر کی غمگین گھاٹیوں میں کب سے یہ رہتی ہیں
یہ پیاسی ہیں ہونا چاہیے اب تو دیدار
برسات کے موسم میں دل ملنے کی تمنا کرتا ہے
شمع کی خاطر پروانہ جان کی پرواہ نہ کرتا ہے
زندہ رہے یا مرجائے دکھ درد صبر سے وہ جرتا ہے
حضرت عشق کی منزل میں آتے ہیں دکھوں کے انبار
چاولہ سائیںؔ ساون کے مہینے میں گھٹا جب چھاجاتی ہے
دکھ درد کے ماروں کو محبوب کی یاد ستاتی ہے
قسمت والے ملتے ہیں بد قسمت سیج نہ بھاتی ہے
ملنے والے خوشیوں کا کرتے ہیں پرچار
اسلامی ریاست میں سیاسی انتظامیہ کا تصور احتساب اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں
This research presents an overview of the principle of accountability of the executive in an Islamic state. The existence and survival of any state is not sustainable without process of accountability as per the law of the land and the provision of the constitution. The elite class was exempted from any sort of accountability and treated above the law in pre-Islamic period whereas man in the street was dealt with strict compliance of rules and regulations. This paper has provided strong evidence from the perspective of historical research that the executive in the Islamic state has not been exempted from the process of transparent of accountability. Moreover, this article also builds up strong argument in light of Quran and Sunnah as well as line of action adopted by orthodox caliphs. It also highlights various incidents of accountability and legal precedence that occurred during Khilafat e Rashda and post era as well.Molecular Epidemiology of Clostridium Perfringens Isolated from Small Ruminants
Introduction Clostridium perfringens presents persistent threat to the small animals in causing moderate to severe enterotoxemia. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens depends on the production of four major toxins. Therefore, typing of toxins elaborated by C. perfringens is essential. Specific toxin types are involved in causing particular enteric diseases in sheep and goats. Multiplex PCR has been introduced, which has the potential to detect the genes that code for these toxins. Also, the sensitivity and specificity of this method has been confirmed by amplification of specific target DNA under unique conditions. Therefore, the present project was designed to understand the molecular epidemiology of C. perfringens types isolated from sheep and goats. Objectives This study was carried out with following objectives: Ø To isolate, identify and characterize field strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from sheep and goats in selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Ø To determine molecular epidemiology and heterogeneity of Clostridium species. Experimental Design It was an experimental study of two years duration, conducted at Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan. vi Duration September 2013 to August 2015 Material & Methods Fecal samples were collected from healthy and diseased sheep and goats. Collected samples were cultured on cooked meat broth, blood agar and tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar. Biochemical characterization was carried out by using API 20A kits. Pure cultures of C. perfringens were used for DNA isolation by using spin column genomic DNA extraction kit. Isolated DNA was amplified by multiplex PCR with specific primers. Based on the length of the amplified fragments, bacterial strains were identified. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced using Sanger dideoxy sequencing method. Alignment studies were carried out by using ClustalW, T-Coffee software. Results Results revealed that the major C. perfringens type among all healthy and diseased isolates was type A followed by type D. In addition to this, beta2 toxin was found in both healthy and diseased type A and D isolates. However the prevalence of beta2 toxin gene in diseased sheep and goat population was 64% as compared to 37% in healthy ones. The identified genes were found equally dispersed in both sheep and goat isolates. Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates. vii Conclusions It was concluded from this study that: Ø C. perfringens type A and D were prevalent in Punjab province of Pakistan while locally produced enterotoxemia vaccine did not include type A. Ø Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates which confirmed bacterial population heterogeneity. Ø Sequence analysis of the amplified cpb2 gene revealed two genetically different populations of the gene. Keywords Molecular epidemiology, C. perfringens, sheep, goats, multiplex PCRJournals by Discipline
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