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حدود کی تنفیذکی فضیلت

حدود کی تنفیذکی فضیلت
اسلام میں حدود قائم کرنے کی میں بہت فضیلت بیان کی گئی ہے۔ ذیل میں چند روایات نقل کی جاتی ہیں:
﴿تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ وَمَنْ يُطِعِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ يُدْخِلْهُ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ ۔ ﴾33
"یہ اللہ کی مقرر کردہ حدیں ہیں ، جو اللہ اور اس کے رسول کی اطاعت کرے گا، اسے اللہ ایسے باغات میں داخل فرمائے گا جن کے نیچے نہریں بہتی ہیں ۔ "
گویا کہ اللہ کی حدود میں رہنا اللہ اور اس کے رسول ﷺ کا مطیع و فرمانبرار بننا اور شریعت مطہرہ کے احکامات کے مطابق زندگی گزارنا سمجھا جائے گا ، جس پر جنت کا وعدہ کیا جارہا ہے۔ اسی طرح حضرت ابو ہریرہ (م:59ھ)سے مروی ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
" حَدٌّ يُعْمَلُ بِهِ فِي الْأَرْضِ، خَيْرٌ لِأَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ مِنْ أَنْ يُمْطَرُوا أَرْبَعِينَ صَبَاحًا ۔"34
"روئے زمین پر کسی حد پر عمل کیا جانا اہل زمین کے لیے چالیس دن کی بارش برسنے سے زیادہ بہتر ہے۔ "
حضرت ابوہریرہ (م:59ھ)سے روایت ہے کہ رسول اللہﷺ نے فرمایا
" إِقَامَةُ حَدٍّ يُعْمَلُ بِأَرْضٍ خَيْرٌ لِأَهْلِهَا مِنْ مَطَرٍ أَرْبَعِينَ لَيْلَةً "35
"اللہ کی حدود میں کسی حد کا قائم کرنا چالیس رات پانی برسنے سے بہتر ہے۔ "
حد گناہوں کا کفارہ ہے، جیسا کہ خزیمہ بن ثابت  سے مروی ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
" قال من أصاب ذنبا أقيم عليه حد ذلك الذنب فهو كفارته۔"36
"جب کوئی گناہ کرتا ہے اس پر جب حد لگ جائےتوحد اس کے گناہ کا کفارہ ہے۔ "
دنیا میں حد جاری ہونے پر سزا ملتی ہے لیکن آخرت میں یہ بھی نہیں ہوگی، جیسا کہ حضرت علی نے فرمایا
" مَنْ أَصَابَ حَدًّا فَعُجِّلَ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا فَاللَّهُ أَعْدَلُ مِنْ أَنْ يُثَنِّيَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ العُقُوبَةَ فِي الآخِرَةِ،...

Women and Feminism: A Discourse Analysis of Contemporary Theories and Islamic Teachings

Modern social activists through media present Islam’s view about women as an oppressed figure linked to her sexuality through so-called liberalism; her oppression is particularly symbolized by obsessive concern with sex, women’s bodies, the veil, and female isolation. While on factual grounds such mind set and groups have oppressed women by judging their worth as persons based on physical attractiveness. Such modern trends and feministic approaches have turned the image of woman as tool of entertainment or attraction. Those who are convinced by such modern values regard woman‘s status in Islam as inferior on the basis of several issues including; guardianship in marriage, polygamy, divorce right. Unfortunately this horrible disease has crept into Muslim societies in the name of cultural interrelation which is in total disregard for our purity and distinguishing values. The magnitude of women rights in Islam with comparison to feminism has been covered in this brief paper. The first part of the paper gives image of women in western society and bases for initiatives taken for feminism movement in west. Second part of the paper gives a comparison between Islamic approach of women rights and feminism. Third part of the paper describes the view of women liberation and modernity in western society. In fourth part of the paper discussion about women oppression has been presented. In fifth part Islamic view of women rights has been given through Quranic verses and references which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion

Identification of Temporal Specificity and Focus Time Estimation in News Documents

Time is deemed as paramount aspect in Information Retrieval (IR) and it pro foundly influence the interpretation as well as the users intention and expectation. The temporal patterns in a document or collection of documents plays a central role in the effectiveness of IR systems. The accurate discernment plays an immense role in persuading the time-based intention of a user. There exists a plethora of documents on the web wherein most on them contain the divergent temporal pat terns. Assimilation of these temporal patterns in IR is referred to as Temporal Information Retrieval (TIR). The comprehension of TIR systems is requisite to address the temporal intention of a user in an efficient manner. For time specific queries (i.e. query for an event), the relevant document must relate to the time period of the event. To attenuate the problem, the IR systems must: determine whether the document is temporal specific (i.e. focusing on single time period) and determine the focus time (to which the document content refers) of the documents. This thesis exploits the temporal features of the news documents to improve the retrieval effectiveness of IR systems.As best to our knowledge, this thesis is the pioneer study that focuses on the problem of temporal specificity in news docu ments. This thesis defines and evaluate novel approaches to determine the tem poral specificity in news documents. Thereafter, these approaches are utilized to classify news documents into three novel temporal classes. Furthermore, the study also considers 24 implicit temporal features of news documents to classify in to; a) High Temporal Specificity (HTS), b) Medium Temporal Specificity (MTS), and c) Low Temporal Specificity (LTS) classes. For such classification, Rule-based and Temporal Specificity Score (TSS) based classification approaches are proposed. In the former approach, news documents are classified using a proposed set of rules that are based on temporal features. The later approach classifies news documents based on a TSS score using the temporal features. The results of the proposed approaches are compared with four Machine Learning classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Support Vector Machine (SVM),Random Forest and Decision Tree. x The outcomes of the study indicate that the proposed rule-based classifier outper forms the four algorithms by achieving 82% accuracy, whereas TSS classification achieves 77% accuracy. In addition, to determine the focus time of news documents, the thesis contem plates the temporal nature of news documents. The type and structure of doc uments influence the performance of focus time detection methods. This thesis propose different splitting methods to split the news document into three logical sections by scrutinizing the inverted pyramid news paradigm. These methods in clude: the Paragraph based Method (PBM), the Words Based Method (WBM), the Sentence Based Method (SBM), and the Semantic Based Method (SeBM). Temporal expressions in each section are assigned weights using a linear regres sion model. Finally, a scoring function is used to calculate the temporal score for each time expression appearing in the document. Afterwards, these temporal expressions are ranked on the basis of their temporal score, where the most suit able expression appears on top. Two evaluation measures are used to evaluate the performance of proposed framework, a) precision score (P@1, P@2) and average error years. Precision score at position 1 (P@1) and position 2 (P@2) represent the correct estimation of focus at the top 2 positions in the ranked list of focus time whereas, average error year is the distance between the estimated year and the actual focus year of news document. The effectiveness of proposed method is evaluated on a diverse dataset of news related to popular events; the results re vealed that the proposed splitting methods achieved an average error of less than 5.6 years, whereas the SeBM achieved a high precision score of 0.35 and 0.77 at positions 1 and 2 respectively. The overall findings presented in this thesis demonstrate that the valuable tempo ral insights of documents can be used to enhance the performance of IR systems. The time aware information retrieval systems can adopt these findings to satisfy the user expectation for temporal queries.
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