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استفہام بمعنی اقرار

استفہام بمعنی اقرار

بعض اوقات استفہام اقرار کے معنی میں استعمال ہوا ہے ۔ مقصد غور و تدبر کے بعد مخاطب کو اقرار واعتراف پر آمادہ کرنا ہے۔ قرآنی ادب میں اسلوب کے بڑے عمدہ طریقے سےاستعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ جیسے :

"أَفَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِبَعْضِ الْكِتَابِ وَتَكْفُرُونَ بِبَعْضٍ فَمَا جَزَاءُ مَنْ يَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا خِزْيٌ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا”[[1]]

"کیاوہ بعض احکام پر ایمان رکھتے ہو اور بعض کے ساتھ کفر کرتے ہو (١) تم میں سے جو بھی ایسا کرے، اس کی سزا اس کے سوا کیا ہو کہ دنیا میں رسوائی) اس آیت میں اللہ تعالیٰ بنی اسرائیل سے ان کا یہ جرم باور کرانا چاہتاہے کہ تمہاری ازل سے یہ کوشش رہی ہے کہ تم کتاب کے اس حصے پر ایمان لاتے ہو جو تمہاری خواہشات کےمطابق ہو اور جو تمہاری ہوائےنفس کی تکمیل میں رکاوٹ بنے اس کا انکار کر دیتے ہو کیا تمہارے یہ رویہ نہیں رہا ہے" ۔

"أَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ كَيْدَهُمْ فِي تَضْلِيلٍ ، وَأَرْسَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ طَيْرًا أَبَابِيلَ"[[2]]

"کیا اس نے ان لوگوں کی ساری چالیں بیکار نہیں کر دی تھیں؟ او ران پرغول کے غول پرندے چھوڑ دیے تھے"۔

یہاں سوال کرنا مقصود نہیں بلکہ مخاطب کو یہ باور کرانا مقصود ہے کہ ایسا ہو چکاہے ۔

" قَالَ أَتَعْبُدُونَ مَا تَنْحِتُونَ (۹۵) وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَكُمْ وَمَا تَعْمَلُونَ"۔[[3]]

"تو آپ نے فرمایا تم انہیں پوجتے ہو جنہیں (خود) تم تراشتے ہو حالانکہ تمہیں اور تمہاری بنائی ہوئی چیزوں کو اللہ ہی نے پیدا کیا ہے "۔

قاضی ثناء اللہ پانی...

بچوں کے عمرانی مسائل: اسلامی تعلیمات اور بین الاقوامی قوانین کے تناظر میں ایک جائزہ

The way the religion of Islam has emphasized the human rights, might be any other religion has given importance to this very specific topic. Although in Islam, there has no any chapter making been made in Quran and hadith on the permanent bases on the topic of basic human rights, yet if some search is made to find out these Quran and Sunnah, these are also present in expended form in various places and along with these guided principles are also present there. In Quran there is admonition in many places for the protection of human soul, goods and honor as well. Whereas Hadith along with the other various teachings, specifically on the eve of the last sermon known as ( Khutba hajja tul wida) of the Rasool(PBUH) the prescribed charter of human rights is enough to highlight its importance, but no distinctive laws are cited with a special regarded to  children. Anyhow, in 18th century, issues relevant to children came into view those also became the cause of many movements and all the countries are formulated unanimous laws which are still being applied. In present era, the social issues of the children are becoming obnoxious severe. On the behalf of these issues their growth, training and many other facts of life are also attention catching. In this article, an analysis of Islamic and International laws with respect to children will be made and those causes will also be cited due to which social issues of children are continuously being generated.

Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Potential of Natural Products Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Synthesized Benzothiazine Derivatives.

Present work consists of screening of Croton sparsiflorus (Euphorbiaceae), Laggera aurita (Asteraceae) and synthesized benzothiazine derivatives for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. Extraction and bioassay guided isolation of Croton sparsiflorus resulted in the identification of eleven compounds. Three compounds were purified and identified as crotsparinine (8), crotsparine (9) and sparsiflorine (10). Sparsiflorine (10) was the most active XO inhibitor from Croton sparsiflorus with IC 50 value of 18.0 ± 0.4 μM followed by crotsparine (9) and crotsparinine (8). Twelve compounds were also identified from Laggera aurita but only two were purified and subjected to XO inhibition potential namely 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (21) and 2,4-ditert-butyl-6-nitrophenol (22) with IC 50 values of 43.2 ± 1.9 μM and 40.2 ± 1.2 μM respectively. Both the isolated compounds from L. aurita inhibited XO strongly. Out of thirteen synthesized benzothiazine derivatives twelve contain 1,4- benzothiazine nucleus. This nucleus is quite familiar to natural products. These derivatives were characterized by EIMS, 1 H-nmr and XRD analysis as 2H-1,4- benzothiazin-3(4H)-one (24), 2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxide (25), ethyl 4- hydroxy-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate 1,1-dioxide (27), (3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1,4-benzothiazin-2 yl)acetic acid (28), ethyl (3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2- yl)acetate (29), ethyl 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-2-carboxylate (30), ethyl (1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetate (31), 2-(3-oxo-3,4- dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)-N-phenylacetamide (32), N-cyclohexyl-2-(3-oxo-3,4- dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-yl)acetamide (33), 1-(3-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazin-2- yl) ethanone (34), ethyl 3-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine-2-carboxylate (35), ethyl (2E)- 2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3(4H)-ylideneacetate (36) and 2-benzoyl-2H-1,4-benzothiazin- 3(4H)-one (37). They showed little to moderate XO inhibition potential with [(3-oxo-3,4- dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2 yl)acetic acid (28) as the most active followed by 2H-1,4- benzothiazin-3(4H)-one (24)] { IC 50 values of 124.2 ± 13.9 μM and 212.7 ± 16.4 μM respectively }.
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