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, طوطے تے گالڑ دی دوستی

طوطے تے گالڑ دی دوستی

اک واری دی گل اے کہ اک جنگل وچ اک طوطا رہندا سی۔ طوطا بہت خوش سی کہ اوس نوں جنگل وچوں کھاون لئی وافر پھل مل جاندے نیں۔ اوہ ایہناں نوں کھاندا تے جنگل دی سیر کردا۔ اک دن اوہ امرود دے درخت اتے بیٹھا امرود کھا رہیا سی کہ اک گالڑ وی اوس درخت اتے چڑھ آندا اے۔ پہلاں اک دوجے دے یار بن جاندے نیں۔ طوطا گالڑ نوں امرود کھواوندا اے تے اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ ایس توں بعد طوطا تے گالڑ اپنے اپنے گھر آ جاندے نیں۔

کئی دناں توں بعد اک دن ہلکے ہلکے بدل آئے ہوئے سن۔ ٹھنڈی ہوا چل رہی سی۔ گالڑ گھر وچ ویہلا سی۔ اوس دے من وچ خیال آیا کہ کیوں نہ اج طوطے دے گھر پھیرا پایا جاوے۔ ایس خیال دے آوندیاں ای اوہ تیار ہو کے طوطے دے گھر اپڑ جاندا اے۔ طوطا اوہنوں اپنے گھر ویکھ کے بہت خوش ہوندا اے تے جی آیاں نوں آکھدا اے۔ جنگل وچوں ہر طرح دے پھل اکٹھا کر کے اوہدی مہمان نوازی کر دا اے۔ گالڑ سب کجھ کھا کے طوطے کولوں گھر واپسی دی اجازت لیندا اے۔ واپسی تے گالڑ طوطے نوں اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ جو طوطا قبول کر لیندا اے۔

کجھ دناں بعد طوطا گالڑ دے گھر جاون دا پروگرام بناندا اے۔ اوہ تیار ہو کے اوہدے گھر جاندا اے۔ اوہدا گھر اک سکی ٹاہلی اتے ہوندا اے۔ گالڑ طوطے نوں خوش آمدید آکھدا اے تے خوشی دا اظہار کردا اے۔ گالڑ کدی ٹاہلی دے اپر چڑھدا اے تے کدی تھلے اتر دا اے۔ طوطا اوہدا ایہہ عمل ویکھ کے ڈاڈا حیران ہوندا اے۔ جدوں بہت وقت لنگھ گیا تاں طوطے نے سوچیا کہ...

Sindh under the Mughals: Some Glimpses from Tarikh-i-Masumi and Mazhar-iShahjahani

The Mughal period (1592-1737 CE) rightly claims to produce an abundant amount of literature on history and culture of Sindh. This article aims to highlight impacts of Mughal rule on politics, administration and society of Sindh. There were a number of official writers emerged, who endeavored for drawing a plausibly adequate picture of the Mughal administration. Their narrations have been qualified by the quality and expanse of available information. Studies of the Mughal administration in Sindh are, for the most part, relied upon notable works significantly include some indigenous historical sources. This article fundamentally based upon the two such masterpieces titled Tarikh-i-Sindh alias Tarikh-i-Masumi (c. 1593 CE) and the Mazhar-iShahjahani (c. 1634 CE). Both of these compilations offer an overview of the dynamics of the Mughal politics concerning different administrative units and offices. Besides the political history, some new aspects in terms of socioeconomic conditions are also evident on the basis of the first hand record. I anticipate that this endeavor would reveal some extent the true perception about the politics and society in Sindh under the Mughals.

Effect of Plant-Derived Smoke Solution on Nodule Formation and Proteomics of Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Plant-derived smoke obtained from burning vegetation has been used in agricultural and horticultural practices since last two decades. Being a cheap and environment friendly source, smoke plays an important role in seed germination, plant growth and enhancement of crops yield. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of plant-derived smoke on morphological, physiological, nodulation, rhizobium growth, proteomics and gene regulation in seedlings of chickpea treated with plant-derived smoke. Seeds of chickpea (C. arietinum) were sown in pots containing 500 g sands and were kept in a growth chamber having fluorescent light at 25oC and 60% humidity. For morphological parameters the seeds were supplied without or with 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. For nodulation, seeds of chickpea were mixed with the inoculum of rhizobium having cell suspension of 109 CFU mL-1 and were sown in pots containing sands. The numbers of nodules were recorded after 11, 18 and 25 days. The rhizobium culture was measured using spectrophotometer at 600 nm incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. For physiological, proteomics, immuno-blotting and qRT-PCR, seedlings were irrigated without or with 2000 ppm for 6 days. For the analysis of proteins, gel-free/label-free proteomics technique was used. Results revealed that germination percentage, root/ shoot length, lateral roots and fresh biomass were increased in chickpea treated with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days. The number of nodules and rhizobium population were increased. Furthermore, the content of nitrogen and proteins were accumulated. On treatment with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days, the abundance of 90 proteins was significantly changed in chickpea root. Regarding gene ontology (GO) term assignments of 90 proteins related with different biological processes, the proteins related with metabolic process were increased. For cellular process, proteins related with cytoplasm were significantly increased. For molecular function, catalytic activity related proteins were more highly represented than other categories. Proteins related to signaling and transports were increased; however, proteins related to protein metabolism, cell, and cell wall were decreased. The sucrose synthase for starch degradation was increased and total soluble sugar was induced. The proteins for nitrate pathway were increased and nitrate content was improved. On the other hand, although secondary metabolism related proteins were decreased, flavonoid contents were increased. Based on proteomics and immuno-blot analyses, proteins related to redox homeostasis were decreased and increased in root and shoot, respectively. Furthermore, vii fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were increased; while, phosphotransferase and phosphoglycero mutase were decreased in glycolysis. In addition, phosphoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase related genes were up-regulated; while, chalcone synthase related genes were down-regulated. These results suggest that plant-derived smoke improves early stage of growth in chickpea with the balance of many cascades such as glycolysis, redox homeostasis and secondary metabolism. This study indicates that the application of plant-derived smoke might be a useful and inexpensive technique for enhancing seedling growth, number of nodules, nutritional values of crops and can be commercialized as bio fertilizer in future.
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