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غلام نبی مہجور

غلام نبی مہجور(۱۹۴۸۔۱۸۸۰) پسرور ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام غلام نبی اور مہجورؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ (۲۰۰) پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے مہجور نے منشی فاضل کا امتحان پاس کیا اور بدوملہی سکول میں اردو عربی کے استاد مقرر ہوئے۔ اسی ملازمت کے دوران آپ احمدیہ جماعت میں شامل ہو گئے اور تبلیغی خدمات سر انجام دینے لگے۔ آخری عمر میں احمدیہ مسلک سے کنارہ کش ہو گئے۔ (۲۰۱) مہجور کا بیشتر کلام روزنامہ ’’احسان‘‘ اور ’’شباب‘‘ میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ کی مولانا عبد المجید سالک اور آغا حشر کاشمیری سے اچھی وابستگی تھی۔

قاضی عطاء اﷲ عطا اپنی کتاب ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ میں مہجور کی ادبی محفلوں میں شرکت کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں:

بچپن ہی سے شاعری کے جراثیم آپ کے وجود میں موجود تھے جو آہستہ آہستہ پرورش پا کر بڑے جسیم اور توانا بن کر مختلف مشاعروں اور محافل میں اپنی قوت کا لوہا منوا چکے تھے۔ لہذا کانپور اور رمتھرا کے آل انڈیا مشاعروں میں جہاں سیمابؔ‘ فارغؔ‘ صبا ؔاور جگرؔ وغیرہ شریک ہوتے۔ آپ کا کلام اعلیٰ ترین حسنِ تغزل کو لئے سیماب جیسے شعراء کو سیماب پا کر دیتا۔(۲۰۲)

بہت کوشش کے باوجود مہجور کا مکمل کلام بازیاب نہیں ہو سکا۔ کچھ غزلیات اور نظمیں ’’تاریخِ پسرور‘‘ اور ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ سے دریافت ہوئی ہیں۔

مہجور کی رباعیات اور غزلیات کے مطالعہ سے واضح ہوتا ہے کہ خدا کا شکر‘ حمد و ثنا‘ تقدیر و قسمت اور مسلمانانِ برصغیر کی حالتِ زار مہجور کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں:

جہاں میں خواجگی اور بندگی تقسیمِ فطرت ہے                 عطائے بے سبب پر شکر رحماں کر رہا ہوں میں             

کوئی حاسد نہ مانے خواجگی میری تو نہ مانے                      عدو کو صورتِ سیماب لرزاں کر رہا ہوں میں (۲۰۳)

سلطنت کی کچھ...

MACRO APPROACH IN NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

Macro approach in the national education is both organization empowering and education process. Education excuting organization has coverage and autonomous that it can accommodate society need in every situation. The education process is carried out openly to inlarge inputs from society. The education process is carried out by instilling a sense of excellence to face global challenges, while at the same time trying to make educational institutions the center of civilization. All that requires educational innovation that focuses on curriculum renewal, teaching materials, evaluation systems, building repairs and construction, etc. Teachers as education personnel have a central role in administering an education system. By becoming a teacher, someone expects to be able to obtain adequate compensation for the necessities of life. In motivation theory, the provision of appropriate rewards and punishments, can affect the performance and quality of work.

Spatiotemporal Impact of Temperature and Precipitation on the Cryosphere of Pakistan in Changing Climate

This research thesis is mainly focused to assess changes in the daily observed temperatures and precipitation over the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya mountains of the northern Pakistan (HKNP) which is a permanent source of fresh water (in the form of large glacial bodies with perennial snow cover) for Pakistan’s largest Indus River system that fulfills a large fraction of the water demand for agricultural land of the country as well as hydropower generation and other domestic purposes. The current research work has three aspects: Firstly, spatiotemporal variability in the observed daily maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin) and mean temperature (Tmean) for a recent 30year period (1986–2015) is examined from a total of 18 different weather stations in the HKNP region by employing probability distribution functions (PDFs) on annual and seasonal basis. The observed river discharge is used to assess the impact of temperature variations on the glaciers and snow covers of the HKNP region. The temperature based PDFs show a significant mean decadal warming of 0.45 °C, 0.03 °C, and 0.25 °C, in Tmax, Tmin and Tmean of the region, on annual basis, respectively. However, the observed river discharges based PDFs of the region show a mean negative decadal shift of −40.15 m3/s on annual basis. The negative decadal shift in river discharge in warm climate is discussed in terms of percentile based analysis which quantifies temperature changes for each percentile. The results revealed that the decadal changes in Tmin percentiles are more correlated with river discharge than decadal changes in Tmax and Tmean percentiles, on annual basis. The seasonal analysis showed a significant positive decadal shift of 1.93 °C for Tmax in spring season, whereas winter season showed a significant negative decadal shift of −0.56 °C in Tmin of the HKNP region, from first decade (1986–1995) to third decade (2006–2015), respectively. The rest of seasons (i.e., summer and autumn) displayed high variability in the Tmax, Tmin and Tmean in the HKNP region. A high observed (non-parametric) correlation between the observed total cloud cover (TCC) and temperatures of the region indicates that changes in regional cloud cover might have influenced the regional temperatures. Secondly, spatiotemporal variability in the observed daily diurnal temperature range (DTR) is assessed for same weather stations for 30-year period (1986–2015) both on seasonal and annual basis. The DTR is a difference of Tmax and Tmin. The regional mean DTR is 13.27 °C on annual basis, with a maximum in autumn (14.63 °C) and minimum in winter (11.81 °C). On annual basis, the regional DTR has increased significantly at a rate of 0.34 °C per decade, during the 30-year study period at p ≤ 0.05, based on Mann-Kendall test. On seasonal basis, the DTR displays an increasing trend in all four seasons with largest significant increase in the winter season at a rate of 0.32 °C per decade. The DTR is positively correlated with Tmax of the region on seasonal and annual basis. A strong negative correlation is found between the DTR and observed TCC in all seasons, indicating that variability in TCC has a considerable impact on the variation of DTR in this region. The statistically significant increasing DTR trend along with statistically significant decreasing trend of TCC in spring season suggests an early melt of snow and ice cover in the region, consequently changing the hydrological cycle of the region that demands a better water resource management in the HKNP region. Thirdly, spatiotemporal variability in the observed daily precipitation is assessed by employing the precipitation based PDFs that show a significant positive mean decadal shift of 0.13 mm/day from 1996–2005 to 2006–2015 in the HKNP region, on annual basis. The seasonal analysis shows a positive mean decadal shift of 0.18, 0.18, and 0.16 mm/day for precipitation of the region, in winter, summer and autumn season, from 1996–2005 to 2006–2015, respectively. It is further observed that the intensity of extreme precipitation events also increases progressively (from 213.8 to 257.0 mm/day) during 1986–1995 to 2006–2015 for summer season in the HKNP region. Along with temporal shifts, spatial positive (negative) precipitation shifts are also noticed in the western (eastern) parts of the HKNP region. The percentile based analysis shows that wet days (< 2.5 mm/event) are directly correlated with seasonal snow cover distribution that shows increasing trend for summer season in changing climate in the north eastern part of the HKNP region. A progressively increasing high observed non-parametric correlation from 0.54 to 0.71 between the observed precipitation and river discharge of the region is observed in recent decade (2006–2015) which requires a more strategic water resource management in the HKNP region in the coming years in line with earlier findings in this thesis research. Cumulatively, the thesis work is an effort to highlight the outcomes generated by employing frequency distribution based methods on the recent daily observed temperatures and precipitation in the HKNP region. These methods were ignored in previous research studies conducted specifically in the HKNP region. The outcomes of these methods not only provide a more detailed assessment of climate change impacts on the cryosphere of the HKNP region, but also provide a reference document for many related applied research aspects in the coming days.
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