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14 سدھراں ماری

سدھراں ماری

 

                ایہہ فوٹو رضیہ دی منگنی دی اے۔ رضیہ شرمائی ہوئی نمھا جہیا ھاسا بلھیاں اتے سجائی، نیویاں نظراں کیتاں ہوئیاں بہت ای سوہنی لگ رہی سی۔ علی رضیہ ول ویکھ کے ہس رہیا سی۔ ایہہ فوٹو اوس ویلے کچھی گئی سی جدوں علی نے منگنی دی مندری رضیہ دے گورے گورے ہتھ دی کومل تے نازک انگلی وچ پائی۔ رضیہ دی حیاتی دی شاید ایہہ پہلی تے آخری خوشی سی۔ کیوں جے رضیہ ہمیش ای ساڈے نال اپنی بدقسمتی دارونا روندی سی۔ ہمیش آکھدی ’’میری قسمت ہمیشہ مینوں ہرا دیندی اے۔ جیویں شیشہ پتھر نال ٹکڑاکے چور چور ہوجاندا اے ایویں ای میری حیاتی وی شیشے وانگ بدقسمتی دے پتھر نال کھیہ کھیہ کے دن بدن مکدی جارہی اے۔‘‘

                رضیہ اپنے طالب علمی دے زمانے وچ ہمیش اپنیاں کلاس فیلوز توں اگے نکلنا چاہندی سی۔ پر کسے نہ کسے کارن اوہ اجہیا نہ کر سکی جیویں پچھلے سال نویں جماعت دے شروع وچ ای اوہنے کلاس وچ فسٹ آون لئی ات دی محنت شروع کردتی۔ پر امتحاناں توں ایک مہینا پہلاں اوہ اینی بیمار ہوئی کہ کتاباں تاں اک پاسے اوس دے بچن دی امید وی ختم ہوندی جاپی۔ پرجدوں امتحان مک گئے تاں ہولی ہولی اوہدی صحت بحال ہوئی تے کلاس وچ اوہ اٹھویں نمبر تے آئی۔ ایویں دسویں جماعت...

Role of Religious Interventions in the Reintegration of Prisoners: A Case Study of Selected Jails of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Prisoners’ reintegration is the core concept of almost all penal systems in the world. One of the potent tools to ensure prisoners’ reintegration is effective network of religious services within prisons. This paper aims at exploring the role of religious interventions in the reintegration of prisoners with specific focus on Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) jails.  Six high profile jails---Central Jail Peshawar, Haripur, Bannu, and District Jail Timergara, Mardan and Kohat of KP were purposively selected. Mixed methodology, more specifically concurrent triangulation technique, was used to collect and analyze the data. Of all 261 respondents, 250 comprised of jail inmates (under-trial and convicted adults and juveniles male prisoners) were randomly selected within the six jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The remaining 11 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview-guide included jail officials of all the selected prisons (6 in numbers) and ex-prisoners (5 in numbers). It was found that a clear majority of the respondents considered religious interventions instrumental in accomplishing the goal of prisoners’ reintegration i.e, making them law abiding, productive, contributing and pro-social citizens. Many of the apparently incorrigible and potentially dangerous prisoners altered the course of their lives once they went through religious programs inside prisons. It was also discovered that in KP prisons, there was no effective network of chaplaincy services, and often these services were provided by self-motivated religious prisoners and rarely by the prison management with the collaboration of NGOs.  Yet, the existing religious interventions had an extraordinary impact in terms of reforming the inmates. Hence, it is recommended that any prisons’ reform strategy must incorporate a well-designed framework of religious programs to transform criminals into an asset for society.

An Approach for Artificial Pancreas to Control the Type-I Diabetes Mellitus

Currently diabetes mellitus is worldwide issue and challenges for diabetes community for healthy life. An effort is made to develop the idea of getting a fully automated artificial pancreas. The artificial pancreas is a developing technology to help patients with diabetes of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to control automatically their blood glucose level by making available the alternative endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas. The concept of controllability and observability for the linearized control system of human glucose insulin system is used so that we can have a feedback control for artificial pancreas. For the purpose of automatic artificial pancreas in the glucose regulatory system, we consider the Glucose Insulin (GI) Systems and Glucose Insulin Glucagon (GIG) systems. These models includes Augmented Meal Model (AMM), Reduced Meal Model (RMM), fractional order glucose insulin system, a composite model of Glucagon-Glucose Dynamics Model and Sorenson model being comprehensive model for Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). These models can be used to simulate a glucose insulin system for the treatment of T1DM. The Lyapunov Equation is used to check the stability analysis of the model. A fractional-order time derivatives model is presented for comprehensive glucose insulin regulatory model. A fractional-order state observer is designed for approximating the structure of a blood glucose-insulin with glucose rate disorder to show the complete dynamics of the glucose-insulin system with the fractional-order at α ∈ (0 < a < 1]. The developed method provides the observer estimation algorithm for a glucose-insulin system with unknown time-varying glucose rate disturbance. Numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate our proposed results and show the nonlinear fractional-order glucose-insulin systems are at least stable as their integer-order counterpart in the existence of exogenous glucose infusion or meal disturbance. Controllability and observability of the linearized model are calculated under two different cases,for case 1 insulin is taken as an input and case 2, insulin and glucagon are taken as an input for the system. This played an important role in the development of fully automatic artificial pancreas by stabilizing the control loop system for the glucose-insulin glucagon pump. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is designed for an artificial pancreas by using the transfer function. According to the desire value, the algorithm of an artificial pancreas measures the glucose level in the blood of a patient by using glucose sensor that sends a signal to an insulin glucagon pump to adjust the basal insulin. A closed-loop system is tested in simulink environment and simulation results show the performance of the designed controller. We convert the Sorenson model to Sorenson model type 1 diabetes mellitus because this is the most comprehensive model in the Glucose Insulin Glucagon dynamics for human. This may play an important role in the development of fully automatic artificial pancreas and stabilize the control loop system for the Glucose Insulin Glucagon pump. It would be helpful for type 1 diabetic patients to control their diseases. The thesis is also review the state of art in hypoglycemia prevention and detection technique in the closed-loop artificial pancreas. Hypoglycemia is the major adverse effect of insulin therapy and therefore minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia, by applying different control and detection techniques is often considered in the development of artificial pancreas.
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