مڈھلی گل
میرا تعلق اوس خوش قسمت پیڑھی نال اے جس دادی، نانی، ماسی تے پھپھی تے رشتیاں دا موہ رج کے مانیا۔ گھر وچ دادی یاں نانی کولوں روز کہانی سننی تے جے کر ایہناں رشتیاں آنا ہوندا تاں چاء چڑھ جانا۔ جدوں ایہناں دے پرتن دا سماں آنا تاں کدے ایہناں دی جتی لکو دینی تے کدے کپڑیاں والی گٹھڑی۔ جے انج نہ کرنا تاں رو رو کے برا حال کر لینا۔ وقتی طور تے اوہناں نے اپنا پروگرام اگے پاء دینا تے رات نوں مڑ کہانی سنن دا موقع مل جانا۔ اگلی سویر ایہناں ستے ہوئے چھڈ کے ٹر جانا۔ کدے کدے ایہناں کولوں دن سمے وچ کہانی سناون دی منگ کرنی تاں اگوں جواب کجھ انج دا ملنا:
اوئے کھوتیا! بھلا کوئی دن نوں وی کہانی سندا اے۔ دن ویلے کہانی سنئے تاں بندہ رستہ بھل جاندا اے۔
فیر حیاتی دے پنچھی نے اجہی اڈاری ماری کہ ایہہ رشتے آلوپ کیہ ہوئے کہانیاں وی لک گئیاں تے ہن جدوں اوہ رشتے تے کہانیاں یاد آندیاں نیں تاں من وچوں اک ہوک نکل دی اے۔
میں ایس گلوں اپنے آپ نوں بہوں خوش قسمت سمجھدا ہاں کہ مینوں سروس دے دوران اجہے طالب علم ملے جنہاں لوک کہانیاں اکٹھیاں کرن وچ میری رج کے مدد کیتی۔ میں کئی وار اوہناں دے بزرگاں نوں ملن اوہناں دے گھریں گیا تے ایہہ کہانیاں لکھیاں جو ہن تہاڈی سیوہ وچ کتابی روپ وچ پیش کر رہیا آں۔ پڑھو شاید تہانوں وی کسے رشتے دی یا د آ جاوے۔ جے انج ہو جاوے تاں اوس دی بخشش لئی دُعا ضرور کرنا۔
کہانیاں نوں سو دھن تے ترتیب دیون وچ بہتا ہتھ میرے گھر والی پروفیسر صفیہ ایوب ہوراں دا اے۔ میں اوہناں...
In general, the results of research studies conducted by Professor Joseph Schacht and his fellows on criticism of Ahadith are contradictory with the results of Muslim Scholars. Muslim Scholars, point of view is that Muhaddithin have opposed, with full power, the condemnable tries for fabrication of Ahadith. Valuable principles for the identification of authentic and unauthentic traditions were the result of the struggles done by Muhaddithin. With the help of these principles the categorization of Ahadith came in to practical. Professor Joseph Schacht argues that the material presented as Ahadith and Sunna of Prophet by Muslim scholars is the production of later times. According to his point of view, there is no authentic hadith in the bulk of traditions and if assumed that there are few authentic, they are also mixed up with unauthentic and there is no possibility of identification of authentic one. This study is a try to identify the mistakes of his research approach.
Urdu dastan is one of the main genre of urdu prose.Dastan isfirst kind of story telling and writing in the history of urdu fiction which derived its tradition from Arabic and Persian literature i.e dastan Alaf Laila and dastan Ameer Hamza but it does not disconnect its relation from Hindustani roots(jatak kahanian, katha surt sagar, maha bharat etc) .The time period of 18th and 19th century in urdu prose is called the era of "Dastan".The concept of characterization in urdu prose dastans is very ì complicated and erratic.In these dastans we find subtle and highly developed type of characters with all their characteristics and nuances. This type of characterization and the technique of its use in dastan is so perfect and profound. These characters belongs to different kinds(ie Human beings, Animals, Birds, Supernatural etc),and are presented in an alien worldwhere time lacks any natural , everyday cyclicity. But in their actions and feelings they all are like human beings. In this thesis under consideration research carried out about a very important part of dastan. The investigatory and the critical analysis of the Important Supportive Characters of the prose dastans not only differ this opinion that these dastans have not any kind of characterization but also help to highlight the standard of characterization of that era which is usually neglected in urdu crticicism. In this thesis I tried my best to explore and analyse the Important Supportive Characters which were presented in urdu prose dastans and elaborated the concept of presentation of these characters. In this thesis all those dastans are included which are published, having XVI unity of plot and variety of characterization. All those dastans are avoided to include in which most of the material was borrowed from other dastans or which revolved around the same topic. In this thesis, standard of characterization in dastans, capabilities ofcharacterization and how it was differ from the characterization of modern fiction is discussed.Important Supportive Character of dastans are also examined and elaborated according to social, psychological and moral standardization of modern era. This thesis has been divided into five parts. Part one deals with the craft of characterization in urdu dastan(ie Introduction, main characters, qualification of important supportive chracter). Part two deals with the important supportive characters of the foremost and prominent prose dastans(period 1635 to 1800).Part threeconsists of critical analysis of important supportive characters of the prose dastans, published under the patronage of Fort William College. Part four, comprised of the important supportive characters of the prominent dastans, published during the same period but not under the patronage of the Fort William college and also published after the period of this college. Part five (Epilogue) consists on the collective evaluation and analysis of important supportive characters of these three periods. The objective of the research is to explore and highlight the important supportive characters of these dastans which took part in fascination and prolongation and are most necessary due to their actions, portray their importance and judge the standard of important supportive characters.