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تنقید کی اقسام

تنقید کی بہت زیادہ اقسام ہیں اور یہ اقسام با ہم بہت قریب ہیں۔اسی وجہ سے انسان اکثر مغالطے کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے اور ان کو باہم گڈ مڈ کردیتاہے۔تنقید کی درج ذیل اقسام زیادہ اہم ہیں۔
• مارکسی تنقید • استقرائی تنقید
• تجزیاتی تنقید • رومانی تنقید
• سائنسی تنقید • عمرانی تنقید
• نظریاتی تنقید • ہیئتی تنقید
• جمالیاتی تنقید • نفسیاتی تنقید
1۔مارکسی تنقید:
جب کارل مارکس کے اشتراکی نظریات عام ہوئے تو ادبی دنیا میں بھی ان نظریات کی صدائے بازگشت سنائی دینے لگی۔اس طرح تنقید کا ایک نظریہ اور دبستان وجود میں آگیا۔یہ دراصل کارل مارکس اور اس کے مقلدین کے اشتراکی افکار تھے۔اسے اشتراکی تنقید یا مارکسی تنقید کہا جاتا ہے۔مارکسی نقاد 'ادب برائے زندگی' کے قائل ہیں۔مارکسی تنقید کے حوالے سے پروفیسر احتشام حسین کہتے ہیں:
"ادب کی یہ حیثیت کہ اس میں سماجی حقائق اپنی طبقاتی شکل میں ظاہر ہوتے ہیں اور ادیب کے سماجی رجحان کا پتہ اس کے خیالات سے چلتا ہے۔ادیب زندگی کی کشمکش میں شریک ہو کراسے بہتر بنانے کی راہ بتا سکتا ہے۔اشتراکی حقیقت نگاری اور مارکسی تنقید میں سب سے نمایاں شکل میں یہی نظر آتا ہے۔جو نقاد اس نظریہ تنقید کو اپناتے ہیں وہ روح عصر ، سماجی نفسیات،عمرانیات یعنی ان تمام باتوں پر نگاہ رکھتے ہیں جو طبقاتی سماج میں پیداوار کیمعاشی بنیادوں کے اوپر فکری اور فلسفیانہ حیثیت سے وجود میں آتی ہیں۔"
پروفیسر احتشام حسین کی رائے سے ہم اس نتیجے پر پہنچتے ہیں کہ مارکسی یا اشتراکی تنقید میں ادیب یہ دیکھتا ہے کہ سماجی رجحان کس طرف تھا، اس کے خیالات کیسے تھے، وہ کیسے ماحول میں رہتا تھا،زندگی کے کون سے مسائل سے گزر رہا تھا۔یہ ساری باتیں سامنے رکھتے ہیں۔پاکستان میں مارکسی تنقید کے حوالے سے نمایاں نقاد جنہوں نے شہرت حاصل...

دور الـخطاب القرآني في وسطية الأمة الـمسلمة: دراسة موضوعية

This is a subjective study explains the role of Quranic speech in the Islamic nation, wassatia the study explains the meaning of wassatia in language and legitimate. The wassatia standing out in religion in all fields for Islamic nation, like in dogmatic, in worshiping, in relationship, in dealings and in spending. The wassatia Appears through balance in all fields without exaggeration this appears through examples and samples with evidence from Quran and Sunnah.

Impact of Personality on Adaptive Performance With Mediating Role of Emotional Labor. Testing a Mediated Moderated Model Among Front-Line Female Hospitality Industry Employees in Pakistan

This study examines the relationship between facets of emotional labor viz. surface acting and deep acting on adaptive performance with mediating role of emotional exhaustion among female hospitality staff in Pakistan. The major antecedents for emotional labor analyzed in the current study are big five personality dimensions as type of personality determines the choice of emotional labor strategy. The study also examines the mediating role of emotional labor strategies between all five dimensions of personality and emotional exhaustion relationship. The job of female staff in hospitality sector becomes more cumbersome in a masculine culture hence its moderating role was also examined. Although frequent regulation of emotions in service encounters is inherently stressful and thus more likely to lead to emotional exhaustion, emotional intelligence can help reduce the negative impact of stress arising from emotional labor. Thus moderating role of emotional intelligence was also examined. The first questionnaire was administered on front-line female employees of hotels of Pakistan who were encouraged by their HR department head and/or immediate supervisor/head to complete questionnaire as they were requested to give permission to fill out the questionnaires. 17 The respondents who have specific exposure, who serve as front-line service providers’ were requested individually to complete questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed, 513 questionnaires were received in which 42 questionnaires were incomplete hence 67.3 % response rate yielded as 471 questionnaires were used for analysis. The second questionnaire was administered on immediate supervisors who have to make evaluation regarding front-line female employees’ adaptive performance. Seventy six supervisors/heads of different hotels provided adaptive performance rating of 471 employees. Each supervisor evaluated almost six front-line female employees’ adaptive performance. The results of the study show sufficient support for greater part of hypotheses. It shows that openness to experience personality dimension is negatively associated to surface acting as well as deep acting. Conscientious, extraversion and agreeableness personality dimensions are negatively associated to surface acting and positively connected to deep acting. Neuroticism dimension of personality is positively connected with surface acting and negatively associated with deep acting. It has been analyzed and found that three dimensions of personality (openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion) are positively associated with adaptive performance. Whereas, agreeableness has significant negative relation with adaptive performance and neuroticism is negatively connected with adaptive performance. Surface acting is positively associated to emotional exhaustion whereas deep acting is negatively connected with emotional exhaustion. Surface acting has significant negative impact on adaptive performance whereas deep acting has positive impact on adaptive performance. Results also show that there is no mediation of emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) between most dimensions of personality and emotional exhaustion. The proposed mediating role of emotional labor between most of big five personality dimensions and emotional exhaustion was not found. As expected emotional intelligence moderates surface acting-emotional exhaustion relationship as well as deep acting-emotional exhaustion connection, whereas, masculinity did not moderate any proposed relationship. Lastly, it is also observed from the results that emotional exhaustion mediated the relationship between surface acting-adaptive performance and deep acting-adaptive performance. Theoretical as well as practical implications of the study have also been discussed. Moreover, limitations and future research directions are also given.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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