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جنرل محمد ضیاء الحق[صدرِ پاکستان]

جنرل محمد ضیاء الحق
اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان کے صدر جنرل محمد ضیاء الحق اوران کے ہمراہ کئی اعلیٰ فوجی آفیسر ۱۷/اگست کوبہاول پور کے قریب ایک فضائی حادثے کاشکار ہوکر جاں بحق ہوگئے۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
پرواز کے چند لمحے کے بعد ہی طیارہ میں زبردست دھماکہ ہوا اورمرحوم کا صدارتی طیارہ آناًفاناً ٹوٹ کربکھرگیا۔طیارہ کے تمام مسافر،امریکی سفیر مسٹر آرنلڈ رافل،پاکستان کے فوج کے سربراہ جناب جنرل محمد ضیاء،پاکستان کے دولیفٹنٹ جنرل،تین میجر جنرل،پانچ بریگیڈ،ایک کرنل،ایک اسکواڈرن سمیت ۱۳۷ افراد لقمۂ اجل بن گئے۔
حادثہ کی وجوہات کیاہیں؟اعلیٰ پیمانے پرتحقیقات جاری ہیں اوراس سلسلے میں امریکہ نے پاکستان کے ساتھ ہرممکن تعاون اور سی۔آئی۔اے کے ذریعہ تحقیقات میں مدد دینے کی پیش کش کی ہے۔
اس بھیانک حادثہ اوربین الاقوامی سازش کے جو بھی ذمہ دار ہوں حقیقت یہ ہے کہ صدر ضیاء الحق اب اس دنیا میں نہیں رہے۔
صدر ضیاء الحق مرحوم۱۲/اگست۱۹۲۳ء میں پنجاب کے مشہور شہر جالندھر میں ایک متوسط گھرانے میں پیداہوئے۔دہرہ دون کے دون اسکول میں ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعد سینٹ اسٹیفن کالج دہلی میں داخلہ لیا جہاں قبلہ جناب پروفیسر مولانا سعید احمد اکبر آبادی مرحوم سابق مدیر ’’برہان‘‘سے بھی مرحوم صدر کواستفادہ کا موقع ملا اوراس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ جنرل ضیاء، حضرت اکبرآبادی سے تمام زندگی بے حد متاثر رہے۔۱۹۴۶ء میں دہرہ دون کی رائل ملٹری اکیڈمی سے فراغت کے بعد فوج میں شامل ہوگئے۔۱۹۷۶ء تک وہ ایک جونئیر افسر تھے جنرل ٹکاخاں کے ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد مسٹر بھٹو نے ان کوجنرل بنادیا۔۱۹۷۷ء میں جنرل ضیاء بھٹو کاتختہ الٹ کر خوداقتدار پر قابض ہوگئے۔۱۹۷۷ء میں اقتدار سنبھالنے کے بعد چیف ایڈمنسٹریٹر کی حیثیت سے کام کرتے رہے۔ستمبر۱۹۷۸ء میں مرحوم باضابطہ پاکستان کے صدربن گئے۔۱۹۸۴ء میں مرحوم نے ریفرنڈم کرایا جس کا نتیجہ ان کے حق میں نکلا، اس کے بعد انھوں نے پھر ملک کے...

المقال الدينى عند محمود تيمور

Mehmood Taimur، A famous and well known literary figure of Egypt، when started his writing career، besides many literary works، he has penned down many essays too. He has written on different topics including the religious one. His religious writings come in the category of religious essays as their topics are purely religious. His religious essays encompass the following aspects: Love of Religion: He was bred and brought up in a religious family and learnt religious principles. So his essays are imbued in religious spirit. He regards love of religion not a mere part but the very essence of creed. He firmly believes that love of religion and country are the indispensable part of one’s belief. Love of God: His heart was saturated with the love of God. The sighs he heaved from his heart in his religious essays are the clear proof of his love of God. Love of Prophet (PBUH): He believes that you can never have love of God in your heart without the love of His Holy Prophet. Such kind of love is incomplete. He thinks that personality of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) is the living practical example of Holy Quran. Love of Quran: Mehmood Taimur has made clear that the Quran is the miracle of Holy Prophet(PBUH). Quran had influenced his heart deeply. He always meditated on Quran and the recitation of Quran after morning prayer was his daily routine. In short having been raised in religious atmosphere، his heart was free of all vices. On seeing such character traits، every reader may infers the conclusion that his s essays are truly religious in their spirit.

Role of Type Vi Secretion System in Stress Adaptations and Developing Control Strategies for Campylobacter Jejuni

The human Gram-negative enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of gastroenteritis, with 25% of the cases worldwide being attributed to this organism. C. jejuni, due to emergence of multidrug resistances, has also been classified as “high priority pathogens” thus making surveillance system as an essential key for the control of disease. However, in developing countries like Pakistan, the prevalence and source prediction of MDR C. jejuni isolates has been under reported due to lack of proper surveillance program. Therefore, the first section of the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. jejuni isolates among pediatric diarrheal cases in Pakistan, their origin through source tracking as well as associated antibiotic resistance patterns. C. jejuni was detected in 54.6% of the total samples and more than 75% of the isolated strains were resistant to panel of 8 out of 13 antibiotics tested however; high level of susceptibility was observed against imipenem (12.2%) and tigecycline (9.7%). Moreover, six isolates (7.3%) were metallo-beta lactamase (MBL) producer and were positive for at least one of the five screened metallo-beta lactamase genes. Source tracking using source predictive PCR, showed that 57.3% of the isolates belonged to livestock associated cluster (C1 to C6) and 42.8% were assigned to nonlivestock/environmental clusters (C7-C9). Isolates belonging to livestock cluster had high MAR index as compared to non-livestock suggesting possible transmission of antimicrobial resistant C. jejuni strains to human population via food chain. Moreover, it also suggests that extensive use of antibiotics for disease control and growth promotion in livestock especially in poultry industry results in the emergence and spread of AMR C. jejuni and the genes associated with resistance. C. jejuni, although being a fastidious microorganism, is able to survive and maintain its pathogenesis in the harsh environments. However, the mechanisms of stress adaptations and pathogenesis is C. jejuni are not fully elucidated. Type VI secretion system among several gram-negative bacteria have been associated with virulence and stress xii adaptations but its role in stress tolerance and pathogenesis of C. jejuni is still unknown. Moreover, in contrast to the other T6SS positive bacteria, C. jejuni has only one hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) protein, the hallmark of a functional T6SS system, whose structure and secretory function was not known. Therefore, the second aim of this study was to determine the role of type VI secretion system in biofilm formation (a stress adaptive mechanism) and pathogenesis. Moreover, the structure and function of Hcp protein was also elucidated. Comparative analysis of effect of different sub-lethal stresses on biofilm forming potential of isolates having fully functional T6SS (Hcp+) and those lacking functional T6SS (Hcp-) showed that the biofilm formation was significantly more enhanced in T6SS positive (Hcp+) groups as compared to T6SS negative (Hcp-) group under heat (55ºC) and oxidative stresses (8mM of H2O2). Structural analysis of Hcp showed similarities between the hexameric ring structure of Hcp-Cj and that of Hcp3 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through functional studies, two roles for Hcp-Cj were identified i.e., in cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and in biofilm formation in C. jejuni. Structure-based mutational analyses showed that an Arginine to Alanine mutation at position 30 within the extended loop of Hcp-Cj resulted in a significant decrease in cytotoxicity. However, biofilm formation function remained unaffected by this mutation. Collectively, this study supports the dual role of Hcp-Cj as a structural and effector protein in C. jejuni. High prevalence of C. jejuni associated diarrhea in both developed and developing countries can be attributed towards three major factors i) emergence of multidrug resistant C. jejuni isolates making WHO recommended antibiotics ineffective for treatment; ii) lack of control strategies at poultry level (as poultry meat consumption is the major source of infection in human); iii) persistence of C. jejuni as biofilm in poultry processing units and water reservoirs.. Therefore, third part of the present study was to develop control strategies against C. jejuni at three different levels i.e., 1) In-silico drug target identification was done using comparative proteomics and metabolomics approach by which ten essential non-homologous drug targets were identified which can be used in future to develop safe and effective drug against MDR C. jejuni ; 2) pH sensitive alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles were designed for targeted delivery of anti-campylobacter hexane fraction (PE-CANP) of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain) into the chicken caecum without loss of its activity in gizzard to control C. jejuni at poultry farm level. The PE-CANP nanoparticles were able to reduce C. jejuni load to 6 logs (in CFU/g of caecal content) as compared to control group in chicken after 21 days of post infection and can therefore be used as a good alternative to conventional antibiotics for on-farm control of C. jejuni; 3) Three different metallic nanoparticles i.e., Silver/Graphene/TiO2, Erbium doped Li-Ni Ferrites and ZnO nanoparticle were tested for their antibacterial activity against C. jejuni which showed excellent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity. All these nanoparticles can serve as an excellent coating material for control of C. jejuni biofilms in food processing setups and hence may control the transmission of C. jejuni to humans. Overall the present study helps in better understanding the disease transmission patterns and associated drug resistance traits as well as provides a better insight into the role of T6SS in C. jejuni in stress adaptation and thereafter developing control strategies for tackling C. jejuni both at farm and food processing level to reduce the burden of campylobacteriosis in humans.
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