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مولانااشرف علی تھانوی

مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ
محفل دوشیں کا وہ چراغ سحر جو کئی سال سے ضعف و مرض کے جھونکوں سے بجھ بجھ کر سنبھل جاتا تھا بالآخر ۸۲ سال ۳ ماہ ۱۰ روز جل کر ۱۵؍ رجب ۱۳۶۲؁ھ کی شب کو ہمیشہ کے لئے بجھ گیا۔
داغ فراق صحبت شب کی جلی ہوئی
اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے
یعنی حکیم امت، مجددِ طریقت، شیخ الکل حضرت مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ نے مرض ضعف و اسہال میں کئی ماہ علیل رہ کر ۱۹ اور ۲۰ جولائی کی درمیانی شب کو ۱۰ بجے نماز عشاء کے وقت اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، اور اپنے لاکھوں معتقدوں اور مریدوں اور مستفیدوں کو غمگین و مہجور چھوڑا، انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ اب اس دور کا بالکلیہ خاتمہ ہوگیا جو حضرت شاہ امداد اﷲ صاحب مہاجر مکی، مولانا یعقوب صاحب نانوتوی، مولانا قاسم صاحب نانوتوی، مولانا شیخ محمد صاحب تھانوی کی یادگار تھا، اور جس کی ذات میں حضرات چشت اور حضرت مجدد الف ثانی اور حضرت سید احمد بریلوی کی نسبتیں یکجا تھیں، جس کا سینہ چشتی ذوق و عشق اور مجددی سکون و محبت کا مجمع الجرین تھا، جس کی زبان شریعت و طریقت کی وحدت کی ترجمان تھی، جس کے قلم نے فقہ و تصوف کو ایک مدت کی ہنگامہ آرائی کے بعد باہم ہم آغوش کیا تھا اور جس کے فیض نے تقریباً نصف صدی تک اﷲ تعالیٰ کے فضل و توفیق سے اپنی تعلیم و تربیت اور تزکیہ و ہدایت سے ایک عالم کو مستفید بنا رکھا تھا، اور جس نے اپنی تحریر و تقریر سے حقائق ایمانی، دقائق فقہی، اسرارِ احسانی اور رموزِ حکمتِ ربانی کو برملا فاش کیا تھا، اور اسی لئے دنیا نے اس کو حکیم الامت کہہ کر پکارا، اور حقیقت یہ ہے کہ اس اشرف زمانہ...

Al-Sukākī’s Classification of Metaphor and Qurānic Discourse

The present study is divided into two main sections; the first section will give a general overview about the figurative language and more focus on metaphor (istiᶜārah in Arabic) because the metaphor is considered as one of the most literary devices and the main category of the figurative language. So in this study has given various definitions of figurative language and metaphor according to Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists and along with this explained Al-sukākī’s classification of metaphor which is little close to Al-Jurjānī’s classification of metaphor and view respectably among Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists. The second section of this study deals with metaphors given in Holy Qur'ān, which are denoted according to Al-sukākī’s classification in this respect. In this reference the verses are presented with detailed tafsīrī literature so the reader could well comprehend the purposes and the classical aspect of metaphors in text and also could evaluate linguistic architecture of  Holy Qur'ān.

Bayesian Approach of Testing Many Hypotheses Concerning Parameters of Multivariate Normal Distribution

Multiple hypothesis testing is an important topic in statistics. Therefore, the problem addressed in this thesis is an important one. The Bayesian methods of hy- potheses testing are widely used for solving different problems, and this technique is rather well developed. A lot of scientific works are dedicated to the development of this method. Many interesting and important results have been obtained in this field by different authors. Despite of this fact there still remain a lot of unsolved prob- lems. For filling these gaps, in this thesis we consider different problems of testing many hypotheses by the Bayesian approach. In particular, in the Bayesian problem of many hypotheses testing concerning all the parameters of multidimensional normal distribution at correlation of observation results we have obtained the following new results: the problem of computation of the risk function were considered; the formulae for calculation of multidimensional probability integrals by series using the reduction of dimensionality to one without information loss were derived; the formulae for cal- culation of product moments for normalized normally distributed random values were derived; the problems of existence and continuity of the probability distribution law of linear combination of exponents of quadratic forms of the normally distributed random vector, and, also, the problem of finding the closed form of this law were considered; the existence of this law and the opportunity of its unambiguous deter- mination by calculated moments of the appropriate random variable were proved; the approximation of optimal regions of acceptance of hypotheses, which significantly simplify the algorithms of realization of general solutions of the task, is offered; the viiiix properties and interrelations of the developed methods and algorithms were investi- gated; the problem of choosing the loss function in the Bayesian problem of many hypotheses testing was considered; the results of sensitivity analysis of the consid- ered Bayesian problem are given; the calculation results for concrete examples, which show the validity of the obtained results are given. Especially must be emphasized that new sequential method of testing many hypotheses based on special properties of regions of acceptance of hypotheses in the conditional Bayesian task of testing many hypotheses is offered. The results of research of the properties of this method are given. They show the consistency, simplicity and optimality of the obtained results in the sense of the chosen criterion, which consists in the upper restriction of the probability of the error of one kind and the minimization of the probability of the error of the second kind. The examples of testing of hypotheses for the case of the sequential independent sample from the multidimensional normal law of probability distribution with correlated components are cited. They show the high quality of the offered methods.
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