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النتائج

النتائج

أولاً :

تعرفنا علی ملکۃ من ملکات الشعر الغزلي وھي بروین شاکر، منذ ولادتھا إلی وفاتھا وأھم أعمالھا العلمیۃ والأدبیۃ فهي شاعرة باكستانية معروفة جداً . 

 

ثانياً:

السبب الرئیسي في أحزانھا عشقھا غیر الناجح وزواجھا من شخص علی رضاء الوالدین ثم طلاقھا وسعادتھا الناقصۃ۔

 

ثالثاً:

أعطت بروین شاکر صورۃ واضحۃ لمشاعر وأحاسیس المرأۃ وأنھا لیست لعبۃ في عالم الرجال بل أن لھا مکانتھا العالیۃ ومنزلتھا اللائقہ بھا ودافعت کثیراً عن حقوق المرأۃ، ولها مجموعات شعرية رائعة وأكثر أشعارها عن الحب والعاطفة والوحدة والفراق والإشتياق إلى الحبيب.

 

 

انسانی زندگی میں جنات کے اثرات

Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims.  There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.

Genetic Basis of Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Okra Abelmoschus Esculentus L.

For the development of salinity tolerant okra breeding material, studies were undertaken on the assessment of genetic variability for salinity tolerance in the available okra germplasm at the seedling stage, assessment of genetic diversity with molecular makers, responses of the selected tolerant and non-tolerant genotypes to salinity stress during ontogeny of the whole plant in summer and spring seasons and genetic basis of variation for salinity tolerance. Substantial variation appeared to exist in okra for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. The 80 mM NaCl concentration was found suitable for discriminating tolerant and non tolerant okra genotypes because many genotypes failed to germinate at higher NaCl concentrations and maximum variation among the genotypes appeared at this concentration. The pooled ranking of the genotypes, based on their individual rankings for each trait in single NaCl concentration appeared effective for selecting tolerant genotypes. Twenty RAPD primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among the okra germplasm, which showed considerable polymorphism in the okra genotypes. The cluster analysis divided the 39 okra genotypes into seven main clusters with maximum similarity of 82.88% between Sabzpari 2001 and Acc.No.019221. The genotypes selected at the seedling stage for salinity tolerance maintained their tolerance to NaCl during the ontogeny of whole plant. This suggested that the screening of the germplasm accessions and breeding material for salt tolerance at the seedling stage is effective, at least for initial selection. The NCM II analysis was carried out to estimate components of genetic variation in okra genotypes. The inheritance of salinity tolerance in okra at seedling stage appeared to be governed by both additive and non additive genetic effects. The additive effects were predominant and narrow sense heritability was moderate. It is concluded that the genetic variation for tolerance to NaCl salinity existed among the okra genotypes, which had considerable heritable component and, therefore, genetic improvement of okra genotypes for salinity tolerance through breeding and recurrent selection is possible.
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