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پسلی

پسلی

ڈاکٹرمجاہد عباس

لیکچرار شعبہ اردو، نمل، اسلام آباد

’’پسلی‘‘ کا بستہ اندر باہر سے دوات    کی سیاہی کے سبب  اس کے دل کی طرح داغ دار تھا۔  پلاسٹک کی  ایک پرانی دوائیوں والی شیشی میں چند پرانی  لیریں ، چند قطرے  نلکے یا نالے کا پانی اور ایک سیاہ پڑیا  ڈال کر اس نے دوات بنانے کی ترکیب  اپنےہم جولیوں سے سیکھ لی تھی۔ شیشی کا ڈھکن ٹوٹا ہوا تھا جسے اس نے ایک لیر  کی مدد سے   مضبوطی سے باندھ رکھا  تھا مگر اکثر اوقات دوات کے سیاہ قطرے اس  کےقاعدے، تختی اور بستے  میں رچ بس جاتےتھے۔ اس کا قلم  کانے  کا تھا جس کی نوک پر دوات جم کر کسی پھوڑے کے کھرنڈ جیسی ہو چکی تھی۔ وہ  سکول کے احاطے میں  داخل ہونے سے پہلے ایک لمحے کے لیے رکتا اور پھر دانت بھینچتا ہوا آگے بڑھ جاتا۔ وہ جب  تختی پر  الف ب ج لکھتا تو اس سے ایک حرف بھی سیدھا نہ لکھا جاتا۔ لکھتے ہوئے وہ  اپنے ہاتھ کو اپنے ذہن کے تابع کرنے کی کوشش میں  یوں محو ہوجاتا کہ اسے خبر ہی نہیں رہتی تھی اور اس کے بدن کی تختی ٹیڑھی ہو جاتی ہے۔ استاد کی  آواز اسے چونکا دیتی اور وہ کچھ دیر کے لیے سیدھا ہو جاتا  اور اگلا حرف لکھتے ہوئے پھر اس کا سرڈھلک جاتا، آنکھیں  ترچھی دکھائی دیتیں اور وہ بہتی ناک کو الٹی آستین سے  اپنی ہی دھن میں  رگڑتا رہتا تھا۔

سکول سے گھر تک پہنچتے  ہوئے اسے کئی دشوار راستوں سے گزرنا پڑتا۔ایک ایک کر کے اس کے ہم مکتب راستے میں چھوٹتے جاتے اور وہ اکیلا رہ جاتا۔ویسے بھی وہ سب کے ساتھ گھلتا ملتا نہیں تھا کیونکہ اکثر لڑکے اس کی ...

سامى اديان ميں طریقہ طلاق

For the development of human society, when male and female get into the bond of marriage, they not only crave for having long lasting relationship but also desire it to be protected and preserved. But sometimes, the state of affairs turn out in such a way that this marital bond is vitictimized by the mutual differences and grow to such an extent that husband and wife end up in divorce. Separation of a married couple is viewed as a dreadful act in any society of the world. However, sometimes a couple is better off without this relation as a result of growing differences. Different religions have suggested different waysin this regard by explaining how husband and wife can lead a detached life. Divorce is an act which breaks the agreement of marriage. Different religions propose different laws and traditions for divorce. In this paper, we will discuss divorce laws and traditions that come under Semitic religions (Judaism,  Christianity, and Islam) in specific.

Study of Perpendicularly Propagating Modes in Magnetized Non- Relativistic Plasma With Loss-Cone Distribution

The investigation of perpendicularly propagating modes, excitations and associ- ated instabilities at the order of electron cyclotron frequencies in non-relativistic plas- mas is important for understanding many astrophysical and laboratory phenomenon such as noise emission and absorption, solar wind plasma, large number of experiments lunched with satellites to provide in situ data on the properties and nature of plasmas in the earth and other planetary magnetospheres, the achievement of thermonuclear fusion and so forth. In this context, the Vlasov model is employed for electron-ion plasma in which the ion dynamics are ignored. Using kinetic theory approach for homogenous collisionless magnetized plasma, we derive the general expression for the conductivity tensor in cylindrical polar coordinates. Modes of non-relativistic electrons are investigated for perpendicular propagation in non-Maxwellian plasma. For this purpose thermal ring and drifting Maxwellian distribution functions are used to derive di¤erent modes. In this thesis we particularly focus on analytical and numerical solution of the dis- persion relation for electrostatic Bernstein wave and electromagnetic O mode which propagate perpendicular to the ambient magneticeld. The classic Bernstein waves may be intimately related to banded emissions detected in laboratory plasmas, terres- trial and other planetary magnetospheres. However, the customary discussion is based upon isotropic thermal velocity distribution function. In order to understand how such waves are excited one needs an emission mechanism, i.e., instability. In non-relativistic collision-less plasmas, the only known Bernstein wave instability is that associated with a cold perpendicular velocity ring distribution function. However, cold ring distribu- tion is highly idealized. The present thesis generalizes the cold ring distribution to include thermal spread, so that the Bernstein-ring instability is described by a more realistic electron distribution function, with which the stabilization by thermal spread associated with the ring distribution is demonstrated. The presentndings imply that the excitation of Bernstein waves requires a su¢ ciently high perpendicular velocity gradient associated with the electron distribution function. The O mode is unstable against temperature anisotropic plasma having Tk > T? (where k and ? corresponds to the direction with respect to external magneticeld B0). These purely growing waves has great importance due to its possible application to the solar wind plasma. In past huge amount of literature on O mode instability has been devoted to either bi-Maxwellian or counterstreaming velocity distribution. For solar wind plasma trapped in a magnetic mirror-like geometry for instance magnetic clouds or in the locality of the Earth s collisionless bow shock environments, the velocity distribution function may hold a loss-cone feature. In situations like these the O mode instability may be excited for cyclotron harmonics as well as the purely-growing branch. We investigates the Omode instability for plasmas characterized by the parallel Maxwellian distribution and perpendicular thermal ring velocity distribution in order to understand the general stability characteristics of the electromagnetic O mode. The purely growing ordinary O mode instability wasrst discussed by Davidson and Wu [Phys. Fluids 13, 1407 (1970)]. In a series of papers, Ibscher, Schlickeiser, and their colleagues [Phys. Plasmas 19, 072116 (2012); ibid. 20, 012103 (2013); ibid. 20, 042121 (2013); ibid. 21, 022110 (2014)] revisited the O mode instability and extended its application to the low-beta plasma regime by considering a counter-streaming bi- Maxwellian model. However, the O mode instability is thus far discussed only on the basis of the marginal stability condition rather than actual numerical solutions of the dispersion relation. In the present thesis we re-examin the O mode instability by considering the actual complex roots. The marginal stability condition as a function of the (electron) temperature anisotropy and beta naturally emerges in such a scheme.
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