Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

منصف ہاشمی کی نثری نظمیں

منصف ہاشمی کی نثری نظمیں
نثر اور نظم میں کیا فرق ہے؟ نوراللغات میں ’’نثر‘‘ کی تشریح ان الفاظ میں کی گئی ہے۔ ’’وہ عبارت جو نظم نہ ہو‘‘۔ یعنی لفظ ’’نثر ‘‘ کی اپنی کوئی حقیقت نہیں ہے۔ اسے’’ نظم‘‘کے منفیانہ یا تنسیخی معانی سے ہی پہچانا جائے۔۔۔ نثر کے لغوی معنی ہیں :’’پراگندہ‘‘، ’’بکھرا ہوا‘‘ ۔اس کی صفات میں’’ خشک‘‘، ’’غیر شاعرانہ‘‘ وغیرہ الفاظ تقریباً ہر لغت میں پائے جاتے ہیں۔ نثر کو نظم سے قریب ترلانے کے لیے جو حربے استعمال کیے گئے ان میں جملوں کے آخری الفاظ کا مقفیٰ ہونا شرطِ اول تھی۔ گویا نثر پر نظم کو مسلط کرنا شرطِ اول تھی، نہ کہ نظم پر نثر کی فوقیت کو جتانا۔ درحقیقت نثر نگاری دوسرے درجے کی ادبی کاوش ہے جب کہ نظم گوئی سرِ فہرست تھی۔ بیسویں صدی کے آخری تیس چالیس برسوں میں ’’نثری نظم ‘‘ کو ادبی جریدوں میں جگہ ملنی شروع ہوئی۔ لیکن اردو نے کبھی اس بات کو تسلیم نہیں کیا کہ’’ غزل گو‘‘یا ’’نظم گو‘‘کی جگہ ’’غزل نویس‘‘یا ’’نظم نویس‘‘ بطور اصطلاح تسلیم کیا جائے۔ ’’سخن‘‘ کا مطلب ’’بات‘‘ نہیں بلکہ’’موزوں بات‘‘ تسلیم کیا گیا ۔ا س کے لوازمات میں آہنگ ، لہجہ (صوت) ،زحافات کو صفِ اول میں جگہ دی گئی۔
منصف ہاشمی کو فیس بک اور رسائل کی وساطت سے میں دو دہائیوں سے پڑھ رہا ہوں۔ ارکان اور زحافات سے معرا ہونے کے باوجود ان کا آہنگ ایسے بیانیہ پر مبنی ہے جس میں نظم کی خصوصیات موجود ہیں۔ ترصیع، تجنیس، سجع، آہنگ اور سب سے بڑھ کر امیجری، شعر یات کے تقاضوں کو پورا کرتی ہیں۔ مترنم نہ ہونے کے باوجود ان کا بیانیہ شاعرانہ غنایت کا حامل ہے۔ ان کی نظمیں مضمون نگاری کے حوالے سے خیال بندی اور معاملہ بندی کی شرائط پر بھی پورا اترتی ہیں۔
موضوعات کے...

روايات الضعفاء الموثقين في شيخ معين في الصحيحين والمجتبي

The authors approach towards the text of some narrators is neither absolute acceptance nor absolute refusal to their texts regardless of whether they are authentic or unauthentic. Hence, it should be noted that even the authentic narrator’s text can be rejected on the basis of the context in which the text is narrated. Likewise, the unauthentic narrator’s text should not be rejected in context where the narrator is assumed to be authentic. The narrator might have been of weak memorisation, but his text may be accepted because of his long companionship to that particular Sheikh whereby he acquires strength. This research is limited to the unauthentic narrators whose text about a particular Bukhari, Muslim and Nisei. The objective is to extract these unauthentic narrators out of the men of Bukhari, Muslim and Nisei depending on the judgments of the critics that are related to the documentation of the unauthentic narrator and the acceptance of his text reported about a particular Sheikh, through the reviewing of reliable references. The study also aims to the extraction of the narrations of those narrators in Bukhari, Muslim and Nisei and its study in terms of text in order to know how the classifier quotes those narrators.

New Reform in Teacher Education: An Investigation of the Implementation of 4-Years B. Ed. Hons. Elementary Programme in Four Selected Teacher Education Institutions in Sindh, Pakistan

Over the past many decades, teacher education remained focus of the government. The national education policies since 1947 proposed for reforms in teacher education to improve the quality of education. Similarly, the National Education Policy (2009) recommended for reforms in the teacher education with a particular focus on pre-service teacher education. In line with recommendations, the Higher Education Commission and provincial governments have introduced a 4-year B.Ed. (Hons.) Elementary programme with the support from United States Agency for Internal Development, Pre-Service Teacher Education Programme (USAID, Pre-STEP) to improve the quality of education in Pakistan. This study sought to discover how is the B.Ed. (Hons.) elementary programme being implemented in the four selected teacher education institutions (TEIs) in Sindh, Pakistan. A mixed method research design was employed, which helped in collecting the data in breadth and depth to understand various aspects of the programme implementation. The quantitative data were collected from 120 prospective teachers and 30 faculty members through a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire to know about their views and experiences of the B.Ed. (Hons.) elementary programme. The qualitative data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) from 45 research participants who comprised of key informants, department heads, faculties and prospective teachers. The groups for FGDs comprised of 4-6 research participants. This study found significant changes in teaching practices, use of ICTs and assessment tools and practices as an outcome of the interventions made. Moreover, the study found that the USAID, Pre-STEP played a significant role in implementation of the programme. However, many factors hampered the implementation especially in the post project period. These factors include; lack of updated reference materials and equipment including ICT, lack of qualified human resources, the mismatch with ground realities as well as between students' background and the specialized courses offered, lack of coordination, needed infrastructure and continued struggle for sustainability of actions after the project. The study also found that the Government Elementary Colleges of Education (GECEs) face greater challenges in terms of sustained enrolment as compared with university departments. This study suggests that the policy makers and programme implementers need to ensure conducting proper needs assessment and institutional analysis prior to starting a new programme and develop a proper sustainability strategy for post project period. The TEIs need to be equipped with the required resources. The revised recruitment policy (2017) need immediate implementation to ensure induction of qualified and performance-oriented staff to
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.