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حاجی موسیٰ میاں سملکی (جنوبی افریقا)

حاجی موسیٰ میاں سملکی
سملک ڈابھیل کی ایک اطلاع سے یہ معلوم ہوکر افسوس ہواکہ جوہانسبرگ (جنوبی افریقہ) کے مشہور ومعروف صاحبِ خیر بزرگ جناب محترم حاجی موسیٰ میاں صاحب سملکی کی وفات ہوگئی۔مرحوم ہمارے محبِ قدیم جناب مولانا الحاج محمدموسیٰ صاحب سملکی کے والد بزرگوار تھے۔ بہت بڑے صاحبِ ثروت ہونے کے باوجود اول درجہ کے مسلمان، صورت وسیرت میں پہلے بزرگوں کا نمونہ، بڑے باحوصلہ ،بڑے صاحبِ خیر تھے،علمی اورمذہبی کاموں میں دل کھول کر حصہ لیتے تھے۔ڈابھیل کے عربی مدرسہ کوبرسوں تک ایک ہزار روپیہ ماہانہ دیتے رہے۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے دارالطلبہ کے بہت سے کمرے سب سے پہلے انھوں نے تعمیر کرائے تھے۔حضرت الاستاذ علامہ سیدمحمد انورشاہ صاحبؒ کے علوم کی خدمت کے لیے مجلس علمی ڈابھیل کی بنیاد آپ ہی کی توجہ سے پڑی جوآج بھی ایک مفید عربی تالیفی ادارے کی حیثیت سے بہت اچھا کام کررہی ہے۔ دعا ہے حق تعالیٰ مرحوم کو اپنے دامن ِ رحمت میں لے لے۔ ہم اس صدمہ میں مرحوم کے جانشین صادق مولانا الحاج محمد موسیٰ میاں اور ان کے متعلقین کے ساتھ شریک ہیں اور یقین ہے کہ موصوف اپنے والدِ ماجد کی روایات کو ہمیشہ زندہ و تازہ رکھیں گے۔ [مارچ ۱۹۴۴ء]

 

Combatting Religious Extremism in Pakistan from the Youth Perspective

The rise of Islam, which emerged as a panacea for the world problems is seen as a problem itself by the west today. The reason for this blame is the rise of extremism and Islam phobia in the western societies. This has serious implicat-ions for personal, communal, national and international security. The involve-ment of youth in extremist exertions is very high. They are being more action-oriented, easy to be influenced by radical ideologies and as an agent for thrus-ting social change.  Keeping in consideration the role of youth in adopting to or combatting extremism, it is imperative to find the perception of this important population about the problem under investigation. The research study was conducted in six universities in the federal capital Islamabad to reach to the youth’s population. The research was guided by research questions that aimed at exploring students’ perception about extremism and its various dimensions. The researcher collected data through an open-ended questionnaire from 1840 students to seek an in-depth understanding of the problem. In order to increase credibility in the findings, the researcher conducted focused group interview with 12 young faculty members. The data from the questionnaires were conver-ted into percentages based on common themes. The interview data set were thematically analyzed to understand the causes of extremism and its suggested solutions. Recommendations were suggested to tackle the menace of extremism in Pakistan.  

Exploitation of Aspergillus and Cladosporium Species for Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites

Aspergillus carbonarius (NRRL–369) and Aspergillus oryzae from Aspergillus genus as well as Cladosporium carrionii and Cladosporium resinae (NRRL–6437) from Cladosporium genus were selected for the present study. Nutrient media were optimized for the growth and production of secondary metabolites. Out of five different media used, A. carbonarius and A. oryzae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek–dox (Glucose and Starch) broth media (CGSB). Whereas; C. carrionii and C. resinae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek yeast extracts broth (CYB). To further increase secondary metabolites productivity, two additional chemical compounds (suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid; SAHA and 5–azacytidine; 5–AZA) were also used as chemical inducers for all fungi except C. carrionii. A dose of 10 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from Aspergillus species and 15 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from C. resinae. While a dose 15 μM/100 mL of 5–AZA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from all the species. Secondary metabolites produced were then studied for its respective biological activities. In antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. carbonarius inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (64.5%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of C. glabrata (58.5%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities, dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 94% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose 1000 μg/mL showed 90% mortality against Lemna. A dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. oryzae inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (94%), while for antifungal testing, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ABSTRACT xxi ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of M. Canis (84%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 52% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 67% mortality against Lemna. Furthermore, during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. carrionii inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (66%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of C. albicans (60%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 87% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract showed 80% mortality against Lemna. Finally during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. resinae inhibited the growth of S. aureus (81%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of A. flavus (15%), while in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 93% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 80% mortality against Lemna. The biological activities indicates that, the extracts from A. oryzae and C. carrionii inhibited the growth of experimental organisms with greater extent as compared to A. carbonarius and C. resinae; therefore, A. oryzae and C. carrionii were further selected for the isolation of pure metabolites. A total of three new and four known metabolites were isolated. Two new metabolites were isolated from A. oryzae while one new and four known metabolites were isolated from C. carrionii using preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography techniques. The structures of all the compounds isolated were ABSTRACT xxii elucidated using (1D and 2D) NMR, IR and HR–MS techniques. The new metabolites were 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxotetrahydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–41), 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxo–3,6–dihydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–42) and (3S,6S)–3–allyl–6–benzylpiperazine–2,5–dione (D–44) whereas, the known metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (C–43), 6–(3– methylbut–2–enyl)–1H–indole–3–carboxylic acid (45), 2-(4,6-dihydroxy-3-oxo-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (46) and 2-(4-hydroxy-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (47). The two new metabolites (A–41 and B–42) from A. oryzae were selected for the determination of their biosynthetic pathways using [1– 13C] labelled acetate. The [1– 13C] labelled acetate was added to the media on 4th, 5th and 6th days respectively. After the feeding of isotopic [1– 13C] labelled acetate as precursor, the labelled metabolites were isolated using HPLC and the pattern of their incorporation were determined using high field NMR. The basic idea of the present work was to isolate biologically active secondary metabolite(s) from fungi and to produce good quality of antibiotics for the welfare of the society.
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