Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

شکرانہ

شکرانہ
ایس کتاب دی ترتیب تے تیاری وچ میرے نال جیہڑے جیہڑے مہرباناں نیں تعاون کیتا اے اوہناں وچ ممتاز قانون دان میاں سعید احمد ایڈووکیٹ ضلع کچہری اوکاڑہ، میاں وحیدالدین عرضی نویس ضلع کچہری اوکاڑہ، میاں مسعود الحسن گنج قادری ، حاجی منیر احمد الحمد آئل ملز آف قبولہ شریف ، پروفیسر محمد حسین لنگاہ ڈگری کالج بہاول نگر،سید انیس الرحمن گیلانی تے سب توں ودھ کے اعجاز احمد کمپیوٹر والیاں دا وی بے حد تعاون شامل حال رہیا تے بہاول نگر دی معروف شخصیت میاں علی احمد سنگلہ صاحب جنہاں دا رقم نال مالی تعاون مثالی رہیا۔
میں اوہناں بھراواں دا بڑا شکر گزار ہاں پئی انہاں دی مدد تے معاونت دے نال اے کتاب عملی طور تے چھپ کے ساڈیاں ہتھاں وچ موجود اے۔ اللہ پاک اوہناں دوستاں دے علم ، عمل تے عمر وچ خیرو برکت عطا فرماوے۔(آمین)
اقبال قادری

عقیدہ تناسخ اور عہد الست میں فرق کے حوالے سے امام رازی کے موقف کا جائزہ

Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) According to Shariah, there is a second world beyond this physical for reward or punishment of deeds which is known as the Day of Judgment Doomsday.  On this day, the Scale will be set and human actions will be weighed. Consequently, he will deserve either Paradise or hell. Paradise is an abode of perpetual rest and satisfaction whereas hell is a place of humiliation and degradation.  

Distribution, Status and Conservation of Freshwater Turltes in the Selected Areas of Sindh

In Pakistan populations of turtles are extensively declining due to environmental degradation, deterioration of habitat, urbanization, unlawful capture, anthropogenic activities, and modification in riverbanks. In this study seven districts of Sindh included Thatta, Sujawal, Badin, Dadu, Khairpur, Sanghar and Sukkur district were selected for the study of distribution and population status of freshwater turtles. Three years surveys were carried out from 2015 to 2017 and during the study Eight species of freshwater turtles were recorded from Sindh including as the Pangshura smithii (Brown roofed turtle), Pangshura tecta (Indian roofed turtle), Lissemys punctata (Indian flapshell turtle), Hardella thurjii (Crowned river turtle) Nilssonia gangeticus (Indian softshell turtle) Nilssonia hurum (Indian peacock softshell turtle) Geoclemys hamiltonii (Spotted pond turtle) and Chitra indica (Indian narrow headed softshell turtle). The mean percentage population of different species of turtle from all selected study sites of Sindh for year 2015 recorded as Pangshura smithii (11.15%), Pangshura tecta (11.64%), Lissemys punctata (12.91%), Hardella thurjii (13.48%), Nilssonia gangeticus (16.76%), Nilssonia hurum (11.58%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (12.68%), and Chitra indica (9.92%). Nilssonia gangeticus (16.76%) found as most common, while Chitra indica (9.92%) as less common. The data recorded from Thatta district in 2015 included Pangshura smithii (13.9%), Pangshura tecta (10.47%), Lissemys punctata (20.70%), Hardella thurjii (11.94%), Nilssonia gangeticus (12.29%), Nilssonia hurum (17.70%), Chitra indica (2.41%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.47%). The population status of freshwater turtles in Sujawal district for the year 2015 was as,Pangshura smithii (11.31%), Pangshura tecta (16.90%), Lissemys punctata (9.20%), Hardella thurjii (15.65%), Nilssonia gangeticus (22.62%), Nilssonia hurum (9.66%), Chitra indica (8.02%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (6.64%). The population diversity of freshwater turtles for 2015 from study sites of Badin district, as follows Pangshura smithii (10.79%), Pangshura tecta (12%), Lissemys punctata (11.09%), Hardella thurjii (16.08%), Nilssonia gangeticus (11.32%), Nilssonia hurum (11.77%), Chitra indica (14.11%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (12.83%), and Hardella thurjii (16.08%). The recorded data for year 2015 from different localities of Dadu district included Pangshura smithii (12.03%), Pangshura tecta (7.58%), Lissemys punctata (8.30%), Hardella thurjii (13.84%), Nilssonia gangeticus (20.82%), Nilssonia hurum (12.64%), Chitra indica (7.94%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (16.85%). The population distribution from localities of Khairpur district for year 2015 included Pangshura smithii (13.69%), Pangshura tecta (11.15%), Lissemys punctata (14.32%), Hardella thurjii (9.63%), Nilssonia gangeticus (20.41%), Nilssonia hurum (10.01%), Chitra indica (8.75%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (12.04%). The population recorded in year 2015 from wetlands of Sanghar district was Pangshura smithii (9.18%), Pangshura tecta (11.34%), Lissemys punctata (18.22%), Hardella thurjii (11.54%), Nilssonia gangeticus (19.82%), Nilssonia hurum (9.32%), Chitra indica (8.76%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.82%). The data for year 2015 from Left Bank of Sukkur Barrage was recorded as Pangshura smithii (11.16%), Pangshura tecta (11.88%), Lissemys punctata (15.73%), Hardella thurjii (12.61%), Nilssonia gangeticus (12.00%), Nilssonia hurum (12.48%), Chitra indica (12.61%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.52%). The population estimation from Right Bank of Sukkur Barrage for year 2015 was recorded as Pangshura smithii (7.09%), Pangshura tecta (11.76%), Lissemys punctata (5.73%), Hardella thurjii (16.59%), Nilssonia gangeticus (14.78%), Nilssonia hurum (9.05%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (18.25%), and Chitra indica (16.74%). The mean percentages of population status data from Sindh for year 2016 included Pangshura smithii (12.41%), Pangshura tecta (12.84%), Lissemys punctata (11.91%), Hardella thurjii (14.86%), Nilssonia gangeticus (10.75%), Nilssonia hurum (12.68%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (12.47%), Chitra indica (12.02%), and Hardella thurjii (14.86%). The population status of turtles estimated in different wetlands of Thatta district in year 2016 was recorded as Pangshura smithii (14.5%), Pangshura tecta (16.4%), Lissemys punctata (15.09%), Hardella thurji (16.74%), Nilssonia gangeticus (9.47%), Nilssonia hurum (13.19%), Chitra indica (2.69%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.85%). The population status from Sujawal district in the year 2016 was recorded as Pangshura smithii (14.45%) Lissemys punctata (12.26%), Hardella thurjii (11.81%), Nilssonia gangeticus (10.13%) Pangshura tecta (13.48%), Nilssonia hurum (14.06%), Chitra indica (10.45%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (13.35%). Population in selected sites of Badin district for year 2016 was recorded as Pangshura smithii (12.63%), Pangshura tecta (17.32%), Lissemys punctata (11.60%) and Nilssonia hurum (13.82%), Hardella thurjii (10.17%),Nilssonia gangeticus (10.09%), Chitra indica (13.19%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.20%). Population richness in selected sites of Dadu district for year 2016 included Lissemys punctata (7.92%) Nilssonia hurum (12.17%) Nilssonia gangeticus (8.98%) Pangshura smithii (12.53%), Hardella thurjii (19.74%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (20.92%) and Chitra indica (9.46%). The population data from Khairpur district in the year 2016 were recorded as Pangshura smithii (7.19%), Nilssonia gangeticus (8.82%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.83%), Pangshura tecta (13.23%), Lissemys punctata (15.31%), Hardella thurjii (14.15%), Nilssonia hurum (11.37%), and Chitra indica (18.10%). Population distribution in selected sites ofSanghar district for year 2016 was recorded as Pangshura tecta (7.94%), Lissemys punctata (14.79%), Nilssonia gangeticus (15.80%), Pangshura smithii (11.60%), Hardella thurjii (21.79%), Nilssonia hurum (11.52%), Chitra indica (12.30%) and Geoclemys hamiltonii (4.28%). The data recorded from Left Bank of Sukkur Barrage in year 2016 include Lissemys punctata (6.95%), Nilssonia gangeticus (11.25%), Chitra indica (11.76%), Pangshura smithii (14.92%), Pangshura tecta (14.79%), Hardella thurjii (14.66%), Nilssonia hurum (12.14%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (13.53%). Population diversity from Right Bank of Sukkur Barrage for year 2016was recorded as Hardella thurjii (9.81%), Pangshura tecta (11.23%), Nilssonia gangeticus (14.78%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (12.82%), Lissemys punctata (11.39%), Nilssonia hurum (13.13%), Pangshura smithii (11.39%), and Chitra indica (18.20%). The mean percentages data from selected districts of Sindh for year 2017 included Pangshura smithii (13.16%), Pangshura tecta (14.26%), Lissemys punctata (13.55%), Hardella thurjii (16.24%), Nilssonia gangeticus (10.09%), Nilssonia hurum (12.09%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (10.49%), and Chitra indica (10.11%). Hardella thurjii. The estimated data of population diversity of turtles from Thatta district in year 2017 were recorded asPangshura smithii (16.16%), Pangshura tecta (17.97%),Lissemys punctata (21.73%), Hardella thurjii (13.62%),Nilssonia gangeticus (9.79%),Nilssonia hurum (8.58%),Chitra indica (1.34%), and Geoclemys hamiltonii (10.8%). The population richness in Sujawal district for year 2017 were recorded as Pangshura smithii (16.41%), Pangshura tecta (14.97%), Hardella thurjii (12.97%), Nilssonia gangeticus (10.83%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (13.72%), Lissemys punctata (14.97%) and Chitra indica (2.55%). Population status of freshwater turtles in Badin district for year 2017 included Pangshura smithii (8.47%), Nilssonia gangeticus (9.98%), Nilssonia hurum (11.18%), Chitra indica (12.30%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (7.27%), Pangshura tecta (20.21%), Lissemys punctata (18.29%),and Hardella thurjii (12.30). The estimated record of population richness from wetlands of Dadu district for year 2107 included Hardella thurjii (18.92%), Nilssonia gangeticus (6.49%), Nilssonia hurum (11.98%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (7.66%) Pangshura smithii (15.50%), Pangshura tecta (11.98%), Lissemys punctata (12.07%), and Chitra indica (15.41%). The population diversity in Khairpur district for year 2017 was recorded as Pangshura tecta (8.77%), Lissemys punctata (12.07%), Hardella thurji (11.69%), Chitra indica (14.49%), Nilssonia hurum (13.09%), Pangshura smithi (15.63%), Geoclemys hamiltoni (12.33%) and Nilssonia gangeticus (11.94%). The estimated population of turtles from selected localities of Sanghar district for year 2017 included Pangshura smithii (5.54%), Nilssonia gangeticus (5.08%), Chitra indica (7.76%), Lissemys punctata (14.13%) Nilssonia hurum (10.06%), Hardella thurjii (24.01%), Pangshura tecta (19.11%),Geoclemys hamiltonii (14.31%). Population distribution of turtles observed from Right Bank of Sukkur Barrage for year 2017 included Pangshura tecta (7.13%), Lissemys punctata (6.19%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (7.50%), Nilssonia hurum (9.38%), Chitra indica (14.45%), Pangshura smithii (13.51%), Hardella thurjii (22.89%), Nilssonia gangeticus (18.95%). Population richness estimated from Left Bank of Sukkur Barrage for year 2017 included Pangshura tecta (13.93%), Hardella thurjii (13.57%), Geoclemys hamiltonii (13.53%),Nilssonia gangeticus (7.68%), Lissemys punctata (11.88%), Nilssonia hurum (15.97%), and Chitra indica (12.61%). Based on three years data from 2015 to 2017, it estimated that overall population status of freshwater turtles calculated has been recorded as Hardella thurjii (14.86%), Pangshura tecta (12.91%), Lissemys punctata (12.79%), Nilssonia gangeticus (12.53%), Pangshura smithii (12.24%), Nilssonia hurum (12.12%),Geoclemys hamiltonii (11.88%), Chitra indica (10.68%). Based on present study results Hardella thurjii has been recorded as most common, while Pangshura tecta, Lissemys punctata, and Nilssonia gangeticus as less common whereasGeoclemys hamiltonii and Chitra indica as comparatively least sighted species. Statistical analysis of all three years of data from different districts shows the highest level of Shannon diversity Index from Sukkur District (2.07) which mentions the highest diversity incanals of Sukkur Barrage while Highest Evenness Index was found from Khairpur district (0.45), which demonstrates the most evenly distributed populations of freshwater turtles in wetlands of Khairpur. Hunting and Illegal trade were recorded as major threats for the survival of freshwater turtles. Over exploitation, habitat destruction and anthropogenic activities also found to be affecting their population status. Several measures have been taken for their conservation by IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, West & Central Asia, WWF Pakistan, Sindh Wildlife Department, Zoological Survey of Pakistan and Department of Zoology (Wildlife Section), University of Karachi." xml:lang="en_US
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.