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اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

ڈاکٹر محفوظ احمد ثاقب

1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی نے جہاں برصغیر پاک وہند کی تاریخ میں ان مٹ اثرات مرتب کیے وہاں اردو زبان و اب پر بھی گہرے نقوش چھوڑے۔ 1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی کے سبب پیدا ہونے والی ابتری حالت، مایوسی اور ناامیدی کا ایک ہی حل تھا کہ ایک طرف تو انگریز سرکار سے مثبت تعلقات کشید کیے جائیں تو دوسری طرف جدید علوم و فنون پر مضبوط گرفت حاصل کی جائے۔ مذکورہ اغراض کے تحت  سرسید احمد خاں نے محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس منعقدہ علی گڑھ کی بنیاد ڈالی۔  محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں مذید توسیع کے لیے علی گڑھ میں 31 دسمبر 1902ء کو تیرھویں  سالانہ کانفرنس منعقد کی گئی ۔ یہ کانفرنس  مورخہ 31 دسمبر 1902 تا 4 جنوری 1903 جاری رہی۔اس کانفرنس میں متفقہ طور پر محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کے مذید تین شعبہ جات( سیکشن سوشل ریفارم، سیکشن امورِ متفرقات ، لٹریری سیکشن )کی منظوری دی گئی۔ ان تین نئے شعبہ جات میں سے لٹریری سیکشن کو  بعد میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو  ھند( دھلی) کے نام سے جانا جانے لگا۔ انجمن ترقی اردو کے قیام کے بارے میں مولانا شبلی نعمانی لکھتے ہیں کہ :

"انجمن 4 جنوری 1903 ء کو سالانہ محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں قائم ہوئی " (1)

ابتداء میں تو یہ محض ایک علمی شعبہ تھا مگر تاریخ نے یہ ثابت کیا کہ یہ ایک متحرک مجلس تھی جس نے اردو زبان و ادب اور دیگر جدید  علوم میں کے فروغ میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ انجمن ترقی ِ اردو کو دھلی صدر مقام پر جنوری 1903 میں قائم کیا گیا ۔

            انجمن ترقیِ اردو بنا کسی مذہبی  یا علاقائی تعصب...

اسلام میں اہلیت اجتہاد کا معیار

Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.

An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Tax Evasion: Evidence from Asia and Latin America

This study examines tax evasion problem which erodes revenue generation for the Tax authorities and Governments in the context of Asia and Latin America. The objective of this research is to explore major determinants which influence tax evasion through cross regional comparison of Asian and Latin American regions. This research provides a framework to understand the impact of socio-economic, behavioral, institutional and political factors towards the decision of evading taxes. The study has conducted an empirical investigation of twelve Asian and eight Latin American countries further divided into regions as South Asia, East Asia and South-East Asia and Central America and South America respectively, through OLS panel regression analysis and Fixed Effect (FE) approach using dataset from 1988 to 2017 derived from WEF Annual Reports. The measures that may help tax authorities to discourage tax evasion have also been highlighted in the last part of this thesis. The study concludes that the variables of Age, corruption, low Income level, Ease of doing Business, are positively associated for all the regions with varying magnitude with the dependent variable whereas, Gender, Services income, self-employment, High income level, Marginal Tax Rate, HDI, Public Trust in Politician and Rule of law are negatively associated for different regions impact factor variations are there. However, self-assessment, agriculture income, technological readiness and accountability show mixed results both insignificant and significant for different regions. It is concluded in this study that economic and institutional factor are more strong determinants of tax evasion in comparison with the demographic factors.
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