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خلیفہ عبدالحکیم

خلیفہ عبدالحکیم
خلیفہ عبدالحکیم ایک بالغ نظر فلسفی اور ممتاز صاحب علم و قلم تھے، وہ بھی عثمانیہ میں فلسفہ کے پروفیسر تھے، مذہب پر بھی ان کی نگاہ تھی، اور شعر و ادب کا بھی ستھرا اور پاکیزہ مذاق رکھتے تھے، اقبال کے فلسفہ اور کلام کے بڑے عارف اور اس کے نہایت اچھے شارح و ترجمان تھے، جامعہ عثمانیہ سے ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد لاہور میں اقبال کی یادگار میں ایک ادارہ اقبال اکیڈمی قائم کیا تھا، اور ’’اقبال‘‘ کے نام سے ایک بلند پایہ علمی رسالہ انگریزی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں میں نکالتے تھے، ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ کے بھی بانیوں میں اور اس کے رکن رکین تھے، اس کا رسالہ ثقافت بھی ان ہی کی ادارت میں نکلتا تھا، ان کا علمی مذاق نہایت بلند تھا، اور ان کی پوری زندگی علم و ادب کی خدمت میں گزری، انھوں نے فلسفہ، ادب اور مذہب پر نہایت قابل قدر کتابیں لکھیں، ان کی دو کتابیں فکر غالب اور افکار اقبال خاص طور سے اہم ہیں مگر ان کے خیالات میں تجدد کا اثر تھا اس لیے مذہبی تعلیمات کی ترجمانی میں ان سے غلطیاں ہوئیں، لیکن ان کی نیت نیک اور ان کے دل میں مذہب کا درد تھا اور ان کی کتابیں ایک طبقہ کے لیے مفید بھی ہیں، اس حیثیت سے انھوں نے مذہب کی بھی خدمت کی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی قلمی لغزشوں سے درگزر ان کی خدمت قبول اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے، اب ایسے خالص اہل علم مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۵۹ء)خلیفہ عبدالحکیم ایک بالغ نظر فلسفی اور ممتاز صاحب علم و قلم تھے، وہ بھی عثمانیہ میں فلسفہ کے پروفیسر تھے، مذہب پر بھی ان کی نگاہ تھی، اور شعر و ادب کا بھی ستھرا اور پاکیزہ مذاق رکھتے تھے، اقبال کے فلسفہ...

M.H. Panhwar as a Historian

The scope of this article is to find out the strengths and weaknesses of M.H. Panhwar’s historical work and to compare it with other scholars of Sindh. He is the initiator of scientific history writing of Sindh and the only historian who tried to uncover the face behind the social organisation of Sindh. According to him, ‘History is the history of production, control over the means of production and production to its final distribution’. The history is more about people than that of the ruling class as people are makers of history. He had vision to analyze things in their correct historical perspective and, in this context, he took support of archeology, as it is the source of scientific truth. Writing history with data acquired through carbon testing is a new phenomenon in Sindh, which was locally introduced by M. H Panhwar.1 M. H. Panhwar, therefore, was one of the pioneers in giving a new meaning to history by including both ruling elites and the common folk, progressive science, crop technology, forest, wildlife, etc.2 He was the first to throw light on areas which were ignored by other historians. According to him, history written before him is full of the accounts of the rulers’ role in relation to their nobles and foes, battles they fought, attacks, palace plotting, mausoleums, folklore, fiction and so on. Accounts regarding contemporary climate, environments, diversion of rivers, courses and the resultant ruination of irrigation systems, migrations, shifting of people, occupations, social life of the populace etc. Found little room in written histories. For instance changes in production and its means, administration and justice, agriculture, land, animal husbandry, irrigation sources and methods of mining, metallurgy, industry and industrial goods, matrimonial institutions, family and children, houses and interiors, art, architecture, archaeology, personal appearance, dresses, ornaments, foods and drinks, taxes, coins and currency, science and technology, foreign contacts, international trades and traders, routes of trades, religious beliefs, philosophy, hygiene, medicine and doctors, superstitions, common citizens, economic conditions, historical geography of bygone ages, classes of work and their relation with one another, household life, customs, entertainments, pastimes, leisure, attitude of man to nature, languages, literature, literary contacts with outside word, learning and thoughts, status of women and children in affluence and extreme poverty.3 Hence, in real sense M.H Panhwar was scholar of Haig’s Raverty’s and Lambrick’s calibre.

Invigorating Inter-Domain Routing Using Software Defined Networking

Versatile applications over the Internet are producing unprecedented volume of data, flowing across the independently managed networking domains. Requirement of reliable communication, with better throughput and moderate latency, encourages Internet Service Providers to increase peering relationships with its immediate neighbors and beyond. Growing number of peering participants over emerging Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) highlights the significance of topological arrangement across the domains. IXPs are not only simplifying peering mesh of neighboring domains but also flattening the Internet topology from hierarchical structures over the course of time. Recent research works reveal the average edge multiplicity between IXPs more than four edges and entire range of IPv4 prefixes reachable through IXPs interconnection. Moreover, IXPs are adopting Software Define Networking (SDN) driven switching fabric, a trend that is becoming prominent with Toulouse, France and Tokyo, Japan Internet exchanges being clear case examples. In iii iv this thesis, we propose an architecture that interconnects SDN driven switching fabric of IXPs and exploit edge multiplicity between them to provision services across domains for the IXP peering participants. Traffic Engineering steered and policy compliant appropriate multiple paths are searched in a joint fashion to deploy at the IXPs switching fabric. We demonstrate that our proposal helps to achieve communication reliability across the domains with better network performance parameters like 54.60% increase in throughput.
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