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تعلیمی اداروں میں کھیلوں کی اہمیت

تعلیمی اداروں میں کھیلوں کی اہمیت
تعلیمی اداروں کا وجود ایک صحت مند معاشرے کے قیام اور اس کو استحکام بخشنے کے لیے انتہائی ضروری ہے۔ ترقی یافتہ اقوام کی ترقی اور عروج تعلیمی اداروں کا مرہونِ منت ہے۔ جن ممالک کے تعلیمی ادارے فعّال کردارادا کررہے ہوتے ہیں اُن کی افرادی قوت مضبوط ہوتی ہے۔ اُن کے افرادسطحی سوچ کے حامل نہیں ہوتے، اُن کے فکری، نظری، روحانی، جسمانی قویٰ کبھی کسی ضعف اور نقاہت کا شکار نہیں ہوتے، جس طرح تعلیمی اداروں کا وجود اہم ہے اسی طرح اس میں وقوع پذیر ہونے والی جملہ سرگرمیاں بھی اہم ہیں اور بالخصوص کھیلوں کی اہمیّت تو تعلیمی اداروں میں اور بھی زیادہ ہے۔ کیونکہ صحت مند جسم اور صحت مند دماغ کے لیے یہ بڑا واضح کر دار ادا کرتی ہیں۔
تاریخ اقوام عالم پر نظر دوڑائیں تو کاروبار اور محنت و مشقت کے ساتھ ساتھ ایسے لمحات بھی نظر آتے ہیں جن میں تفریح اور کھیل کود کے سوا کچھ نہیں ہوتا، اپنے متعین کردہ اوقات میں وہ صرف اور صرف کھیل کود اورتفریحی پروگراموں سے لطف اندوز ہوتے ہیں۔ کھیل کود کا تصور جس طرح دیگر مذاہب میں موجود ہے اسی طرح وُہ اسلام میں بھی موجود ہے، محسنِ کائنات حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم نے بھی تیرا کی اور دوڑ کے مقابلوں میں حصہ لیا۔ کھیل اور تفر یحی پروگرام کردار پر بڑا اچھا اثر ڈالتے ہیں۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ دیگر ممالک کی طرح پاکستان کے نظام تعلیم میں کھیل کا تصور کلیتاً موجود ہے۔ اوقاتِ تعلیم و تدریس میں با قاعدہ ڈرل کے نام سے کھیل کا ایک پیریڈ مقرر کر دیا جا تا ہے۔ جس میں طلباء کو فزیکل انسٹرکٹر مقررہ مشقیں کرواتا ہے۔ طلباء ذہنی آسودگی محسوس کرتے ہیں اور دن بھر کی رطب و یابس...

Adoption of Child in Islam: An Overview of Adoption Laws in Pakistan

This paper has been written for comparative analysis of adoption in Islam with adoption as it is known in modern jurisprudence throughout the world having itssecular background. Concept of adoption and its scope in Islam has been explored. Further importance of adoption in Islam has been re-iterated in this paper with support of Quranic verses, Hadis and with Instances from Sunnah. Special attention has been drawn towards prevailing laws in Pakistan regarding adoption, protection and security measures embodied in those laws. An overview of Superior Courts Judgement has been made in order to demonstrate the bent of courttowards adoption of child and interpretation of law concerning child adoption. This paper also touches the growing international concerns of child laundering and for this purpose brief intro of recent steps taken in Pakistan, i. E. Establishment of Sindh Child Protection Authority and enactment of The Prevention of Human Trafficking in Persons Act, 2018 has been given.

Functional Attributes and Bio-Assay of Modified Cereal Starches

The present project was designed to probe the effect of diversified modification methods on the functional, structural and nutritional attributes of cereal starches. Purposely, starch was extracted from rice and corn grains and modified by Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT), acid hydrolysis, oxidation, cross linking and Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) modification methods. The compositional analysis of corn and rice revealed 69.84±3.22 % and 79.12±2.86 % starch. The morphological examination depicted regular, polygonal small granules of starch by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The pasting properties of all the modified corn and rice starches exhibited significant differences. The solubility of modified starches varied from 5.43±0.17 % to 17.27±0.52 % while the light transmittance was highest in oxidized (46.13±2.15 %) trailed by OSA (43.40±2.18 %), acid hydrolysis (26.93±0.95 %), native (23.77±1.16 %), HMT (16.30±0.87 %) and cross link (13.37±0.45 %) in modified rice starches. Similar trend was observed regarding the solubility and light transmittance values of modified corn starches. The modification process reduced syneresis as a function of storage in both rice and corn modified starches with lowest synersis value in OSA modified starches. The structural properties of modified starches were exemplified by SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The photomicrographs revealed that HMT produced slight agglomeration along with granular disruption, acid hydrolysis did not cause any pronounced effect on granule morphology while rough edges and cluster formation occurred in starch granules after cross linking and OSA modification in both the rice and corn starches. The polymorphic forms as examined by XRD depicted that rice starches elucidated A-type crystalline pattern with characteristics peaks at 15.92, 17.24, 17.78 and 22.94º (2θ). All the modified starches exhibited the same pattern and no noticeable changes in rice starch were observed after various modification processes. Likewise, corn starches also illuminated similar A-type crystalline pattern with sharp peaks at 15.92, 17.21, 17.73 and 22.91º (2θ). The diffractrogram explicated that the process of modification occurred in the amorphous zone of starch granules. Furthermore, the modified starches were examined for the nutritionally beneficial component of starch i.e. resistant starch (RS). The resistant starch content of modified rice starches expounded that RS increased from 6.57±0.28 % to 26.75±1.69 %. Likewise, RS content in modified corn starch also boosted from 13.67±0.87 % to 41.76±2.15 %. Furthermore, modified starches were incorporated in wheat flour and their effect on dough and bread quality was assessed. The addition of modified starches significantly affected the rheological properties of wheat flour as determined by farinograph and RVA. Bread prepared by the addition of modified starches especially OSA rice starch revealed significant improvement in texture during storage. The hypocholesterolimic potential of modified starches was demonstrated through bio-assay trial and the provision of modified corn starch supplemented diet caused significant decrease as compared to modified rice starch in serum cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides as 5.07 % , 9.03 % and 6.09 %, correspondingly. Conclusively, modifications of cereal starches noticeably affected their functional properties and enhanced their utilization under rigorous processing conditions. Addition of modified starches in bread showcased their anti staling properties and the bio-assay trial illustrated the prophylactic potential to lower hyperlipidemia.
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