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لوکاں اگے اڑ کے ویکھے

لوکاں اگے اڑ کے ویکھے
اکھیں سفنے جڑ کے ویکھے

جیہڑا عشق نوں من دا نئیں
ساڈا ہتھ اوہ پھڑ کے ویکھے

مکھ اوہدے دا نور وے لوکو
چن وی راتی سڑ کے ویکھے

اسیں نہیں اوہدے کولوں ڈردے
نال اساڈے لڑ کے ویکھے

عشق نے انج دی حالت کیتی
ہر اک بندہ کھڑ کے ویکھے

باہروں ہسدا ویکھن سارے
کوئی تے اندر وڑ کے ویکھے

Contemporary Challenges Regarding Muslim-Christian Dialogue and Its Solution in the Light of Nobel Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ

Islam recognizes the status and respect of other faiths and communities for socioeconomic and sociopolitical development. Therefore, the kind Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلمwas the first ever personality in the human history who accepted the identity of other faiths and involved them in state affairs of the city state of Madīnah in 610 CE/1AH. The citizens of the first Islamic State including Jews, Christians and Polytheists were treated as equal and respected citizens. The door of discussion and mutual cooperation were opened for all faiths and communities of the society. For that purpose, the Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم set out some special parameters and principles of dialogue and interaction with other faiths. These principles may be freedom of religion, mutual respect and cooperation, interfaith tolerance, focus on common issues, active participation in state and social activities etc. The history is eye witness of this conduct that Muslim rulers and public care these principles and promote them in all ages of the Muslim governance. However due to some reason modern era have been observed of not being compatible with minorities in east as well as in the west. Categorically, they are having encounters with many difficulties, challenges and issues for security, rights and peaceful coexistence in all over the world. Unfortunately, Pakistan have also considered to be the part of hyper national and international sociological environment regarding minorities. In order to overcome these issues and challenges then we must follow the Prophet’s Seerahصلى الله عليه وسلم regarding interfaith dialogue and mutual cooperation in a pluralistic society like Pakistan. In this study, the efforts are made to explore contemporary challenges and its solution in light of the Seerah of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلمfrom current sociopolitical context.

Evaluation of Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Species of Penicillium Against Root Rotting Fungi and Root Knot Nematode

Endophytes are either bacteria or fungi that reside in the tissues of the plant without causing any apparent symptoms. Some endophytic microorganism may promote growth of plants, help in uptake of nutrients and increase the ability to bear environmental stresses, like salinity, drought, and reduce biotic stresses. During our study, plants were collected from different localities in Karachi Pakistan, like Memon Goth, Kathor, Gadap, Gharo, Malir and University of Karachi campus from which endophytic Penicillium were isolated. Out of the eightysamples of the plant, 14isolates of endophytic Penicillium isolated, (root, stem and leaves) from wild plants (Achyranthus aspera, Atriplex stocksii, Euphorbia hirta, Chorchorus tridens) and cultivated plant (Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum, Helianthus annuus, Azadirachta indica, Abelmoschus esculentus, Momordica charantia) Species of Penicillium identified as P. asperum, P. lilacinum, P. purpurogenum, P. nigricans, P. rugulosum, P. restrictum, P. duclauxi, P. citrinum, P. thomii, P. lividum and P. javanicum. Identification of selected isolates of Penicillium was also confirmed by using molecular biology tools. Antimicrobial activity of 14 endophytic isolates of different species of Penicillium tested against common fungi (root rotting) viz., F. oxysporum,, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture plate assay. All EP isolates showed significant resultproduced by the inhibition zone. Nematicidal potential of cell free culture filtrates of endophytic Penicillium also has shown significant results. After 24 hour 50%nematicidal potential showed by P.purpurogenum (EP-3) while after 48 hours all other isolates showed 100% mortality. Culture filterates of endophytic Penicillium causedgrowth suppression ofbacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asconcentration increased biocontrol potential of culture filterates of EP increased as well. These outcomes show that endophytic Penicillium could be fullfil the need of discovering of new antibiotics. Culture filtrates of Penicillium also showed activity of fungicidal against root rotting fungal pathogens F.solani, R.solani, M.phaseolina, R.solani and F.oxysporum by making inhibitory zone. Cuture filterates of 60 µl/disc showed more effective results than 20 or 40 µl/disc. Fractionation of cell free culture filtrates of viable isolates of our Penicillium (EP), was made in solvents i.e chloroform and n-hexane and showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activity against above described pathogens. These results showed that secondry metabolites having compounds with strong antimicrobial potential. Secondary metabolites producing from endophytic Penicillium spp., offer an stimulating area of investigation for the encounter of novel antimicrobial compounds. Hexane fraction of mycelium of promising isolate EP-5 showed prescence of chemicals. In current research antagonistic potential of Penicillium was assessed against phytopathogens on sunflower (Helianthus annuus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum), mungbean (Vigna radiata) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in field and screen house experiments. Inhibitory affects on F.oxysporum, R.solani, F.solani, and M.phaseolina showed by many endophytic Penicillium which causes healthy plant growth by improving plant length, fresh shoot weights in both type of experiments (Screen house and field). In some experiment, polyphenol and antioxidant activity also showed significant result which might be due to resistance produced by endophytes. Endophytic Penicillium treated plants produced fruits which is better in quality as compared to control.Endophytic Penicillium associated with healthy plants is a source of new bioactive metabolites, which could be exploited in plant protection and also in medicine.
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