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البــاب الأول: أدب القرآن الكريم تعريفه وآثاره

الفصـل الأول : تعريف القرآن الکریم و الأدب لغة واصطلاحاً

القرآن الكريم هو الكتاب الرئيسي في الإسلام، الذي يُقدِّسه ويؤمن به المسلمون أنّه كلام الله المنزّل على نبيه محمد للبيان والإعجاز،المنقول عنه بالتواتر حيث يؤمن المسلمون أنه محفوظ في الصدور والسطور من كل مس أو تحريف، وهو المتعبد بتلاوته، وهو آخر الكتب السماوية بعد صحف إبراهيم والزبور والتوراة والإنجيل.كما يعدّ القرآن أرقى الكتب العربية قيمة لغوية ودينية، لما يجمعه بين البلاغة والبيان والفصاحة.وللقرآن أثر فصل في توحيد وتطوير اللغة العربیة وآدابها وعلومها الصرفية والنحوية، ووضع وتوحيد وتثبيت اللّبنات الأساس لقواعد اللغة العربية۔

تعريف القرآن لغة

قال الله تعالی:" إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا جَمْعَهُ وَقُرْآنَهُ  فَإِذَا قَرَأْنَاهُ فَاتَّبِعْ قُرْآنَه ([1])لفظ القرآن مصدر مشتق من ( قرأ ) يقال قرأ ، يقرأ ،قراءة ، وقرآناً۔  

فالقرآن لغة: الجمع. تقول: قرأت الشيء قرآنا، إذا جمعت بعضه إلى بعض.

قال أبو عبيدة: وسمي القرآن لأنه يجمع السور ويضمها([2])

اختلف العلماء -رحمهم الله تعالى- في لفظ القرآن لكنهم اتفقوا على أنه اسم فذهب جماعة من العلماء منهم الشافعي، الأشعري، ابن كثير ، الفراء، اللحياني ، الزجاج و ابن الأثير وغیر ذلک من العلماء اللغویین الذین ذهبوا إلى أنه اسم جامد غير مهموز الان نورد بعض التعريفاتهم اللغوية ۔

قرأ ابن كثير وهو اسم للقرآن مثل التوراة والإنجيل.([3])

وقال الأشعري: إنه مشتق من قرنت الشيء بالشيء إذا ضممته إلیه ومنه قولهم: قرن بين البعيرين إذا جمع بينهما ومنه سمي الجمع بين الحج والعمرة في إحرام واحد قران.([4])

وقال الفراء: إنه مشتق من القرائن جمع قرينة لأن آياته يشبه بعضها بعضا.([5]).

Perilaku Petani dalam Menghadapi Fluktuasi Harga Sawit Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

The frequently fluctuating price of palm oil causes palm oil farmers in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village, to take action to overcome their family's economic problems as a result of prices fluctuating drastically. The aim of this research is to determine the behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations and to determine the Islamic economics review of the behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village. This research is field research located in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village. The informants in this research were 10 oil palm farmers with the criteria being farmers who had a plantation area of more than 2 hectares and had worked for a minimum of 5 years. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis is descriptive qualitative. It was found that oil palm farmers carry out various kinds of behavior to increase family income, such as working side jobs, becoming farm laborers, construction workers, traders, and others. Some of the oil palm farmers' wives also help in increasing the family's income by opening small businesses such as opening a breakfast business, a daily shop business, and a laundry business. The behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations applies the principle of honesty, always trying to earn a living, not being discouraged, never giving up, being responsible for family needs, and not being lazy in working.  

A Pplications Pplication of E Volutionary C Omputing Ing T Echniques to N on -L Inear S Ystems

This dissertation presents an application of heuristic computational intelligence for the solution of non-linear systems in engineering. The design scheme is comprised of mathematical model based on feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN). The linear combination of these networks defines the unsupervised error for the system. The most suitable weights to minimize the error are obtained by training the networks employing stochastic solvers. These techniques are based on nature inspired heuristics including Pattern Search (PS), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. Rapid local convergent algorithms such as Interior Point (IP) and Active Set (AS) methods are hybridized with these global search techniques. To validate the scheme, a number of linear and non-linear initial and boundary value problems have been solved. The design methodology is also applied to a number of problems having special applications in engineering including, singular systems based on non-linear Lane Emden Fowler equation, non-linear van der Pol oscillator with stiff and non-stiff conditions and systems with high nonlinearity governed by Painlevé transcendent I. In addition to that, the scheme also provides an alternate solution for biomedical application like model of heart for low, high and normal blood pressure. It is found that the proposed results are in good agreement with available exact solution and numerical solvers like Adomian decomposition method, Homotopy Perturbation method, Homotopy analysis method and Optimal Homotopy asymptotic method, ODE15i and Runge Kutta method. The comparative studies of stochastic solvers are carried out under a stringent criterion of accuracy, effectiveness, reliability and robustness of the results based on Monte Carlo simulation and its analysis. The solvers based on SA, PS, GA, PSO, GA and PSO hybrid with IP or AS algorithms are used for optimization of neural network. It is found that the GA-IP, GA-AS, PSO-IP and PSO-AS algorithms are the best stochastic optimizers. The other perk up of the scheme have in its simplicity of the concept, ease in use, efficiency and unlike other numerical techniques, it provides the solution on continuous inputs with finite interval instead of predefine discrete grid of inputs.
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