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قاضی اطہر مبارکپوری

قاضی اطہر مبارک پوری
ماہِ صفر المظفر ۱۴۱۷ھ کے اواخر میں ہندوستان وبیرون ہندوستان کی اہم علمی ومذہبی شخصیت قاضی اطہر مبارک پوری کی وفات سے دل ودماغ ہل کر رہ گیا۔ قاضی صاحب مرحوم کی شخصیت کاتصوراتی خاکہ ہروقت نظروں کے سامنے گھوم پھر رہاہے وہ ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی میں تشریف لاتے اوراپنی خداداد قابلیت وافکار سے دفتر میں موجود ہرشخص کومتاثر کردیتے۔
قاضی اطہرمبارک پوری کاقبلہ ابّاجان مفکّر ملّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمان عثمانی ؒ سے دارالعلوم دیوبند کے زمانہ طالب علمی ہی سے خصوصی تعلق ولگاؤ رہا ہے۔ حضرت مفتی صاحبؒ نے ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی میں ان کو بلاکر ان سے کئی علمی وادبی کتابیں تصنیف کرائیں۔قاضی اطہرمبارک پوری کی تاریخ خلافت عبّاسیہ، تاریخ خلافت راشدہ، تاریخ بنوامّیہ، دیار یورپ جیسی اہم کتابیں ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی ہی سے شائع ہوئیں اورعلمی حلقے میں قبولیت کاباعث بنی۔
ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی سے وابستگی سے قاضی اطہر مبارک پوری کی شخصیت علمی وادبی حلقوں خصوصاً عالم اسلام میں خوب خوب متعارف ہوئی۔احقر نے رسالہ ’’برہان‘‘ دہلی کے صفحہ اوّل پرقاضی اطہرمبارک پوری کانام نمایاں طور پر شائع کرانے کا اہتمام رکھا جس سے میرا قاضی صاحب سے لگاؤ وانسیت کاپتہ چلتاہے۔
قاضی صاحب کی علمی خدمات کے لیے صدر جمہوریہ ہند نے عربی اسکالرشپ کااعزاز خصوصی بھی دیا۔ بہت ساری خوبیوں، صلاحیتوں، قابلیت کے باوجود قاضی صاحب انکساری کے پیکر مجسم تھے۔مفتی صاحبؒ کے انتقال کے بعد دفتر ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی سے برابر رابطہ وتعلق قائم رکھا اورراقم عمید الرحمان عثمانی کی موقع بہ موقع تعریف وستائش کرتے رہے۔ جس سے احقر راقم عمیدالرحمان عثمانی کے لگن وجذبہ اورحوصلہ میں اضافہ ہی ہوا۔
بہرکیف قاضی اطہر مبارک پوری بڑی نیک وبرگزیدہ شخصیت تھے۔ان کی وفات سے تاریخ کاایک زریّن علمی باب بند ہوگیا ہے۔ اﷲ رب العزت کروٹ کروٹ جنت نصیب فرمائے۔آمین!
ادارہ ندوۃ...

برصغیر میں محدثین کی خدمات حدیث: تاریخی و تجزیاتی جائزہ

After the Prophet r the Muslims all over the world associate themselves with him by following his pious deeds and acting upon his sayings (Hadith). The Muslims of the sub-continent have been very zealous in this respect and have done great job in this regard. In the subcontinent, the sayings of the Holy Prophet reached with Islam during the era of pious caliphs. In those days, according to some traditions, 25 companions of the Holy Prophet ﷺ Sahaba (R. A) and 42 Tabe-ien (those who had seen the Sahaba R. A i-e their successors) came to India and preached Islam. This preaching was continued by later Muslims and the rulers like Mohammad Bin Qasim and Mehmood Ghaznavi. The services of great Muhaddeseen (narrators and illustrators of the sayings of the Holy Prophet r like Musa Bin Yaqoob, Yazid Bin Abi Kabsha, Abu Musa Israeel Bin Musa and Abu Hafs Rabi Bin Sabih are note worthy. They provided local people the knowledge of Hadith. These scholars earned fame and prestige by their great works in this field. Shah Waliuallah wrote Mussffa and Maswwa, in subcontinent there are great many institutions like Jamia Salfiya Faisalabad, Jamia Ashrafia Lahore, Jamia Naeemia Lahore, Khair- ul-Madaras Multan, Jamia Mohammadia Gujranwala, Dar-ul-Hadith Delhi and Jamia Salfiya Banaras to teach the knowledge of Hadith.

Bioconversion of Agricultural Waste to Alginate by Azotobacter Vinelandii Using Fermentation

Alginate is an exopolysaccharide composed of varying ratios of β-D mannuronic acid and its C5 epimer α-L-guluronic acid linked together by β-1,4 - glycosidic bond. It has wide range of industrial applications particularly in food sector as a viscosifier, stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, gelling and water binding agent. Commercial alginate is extracted from brown algae but due to variation in composition of biopolymer isolated from species of different locations, there is growing interest in bacterial alginate. At present two strains of bacteria are reported to produce alginate, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. Hence present study was designed to produce alginate by Azotobacter vinelandii utilizing cheap substrates to save the foreign exchange. To achieve the goal, different physiochemical parameters were optimized to have hyper-production of alginate through submerged fermentation. Different agricultural wastes like wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses were utilized as substrates through fermentation with Azotobacter vinelandii.On fermentation of 7.5% (w/v) wheat bran by A.vinelandii, maximum alginate production (5.21 g/L) was observed at 48 hours of incubation time with 6% (v/v) inoculum size, pH 7.0, 300C and agitation speed of 200 rpm. Addition of different optimum levels of ionic salts i.e. 1.5% CaCl2 and 2% MgSO4. 7H2O in the growth medium gave significantly (P< 0.05) higher quantity of alginate (6.08 g/L) where as addition of KH2PO4 and NaCl reduced the yield of alginate. Among different nitrogen sources tested, 2% corn steep liquor resulted significantly (P<0.05) higher yield of alginate (7.46 g/L). The bacterial strain was improved by exposure to physical (UV irradiation) and chemical mutagens (Nitrous acid and ethidium bromide) to obtain more than 90% killing. The survivors were screened for hyper-production of alginate against the wild strain of A.vinelandii using pre- optimized conditions. The highest alginate production (13.8 g/L) was obtained by the ethidium bromide treated strain (EtBr-02). The mutant strain was used for optimization of fermentation parameters. The maximum concentration of alginate (15.61 g/L) was obtained by utilizing 10% (w/v) wheat bran, 8% (v/v) inoculum at 48 hours of incubation, pH 7.0, 300C and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. Inclusion of 2.5% cornsteep liquor raised the alginate concentration to 15.8 g/L. Batch fermenter studies were carried out in 2 L fermenter with working volume of 1.5 L using the mutant strain A.vinelandii, EtBr-02. Optimization of process parameters like agitation, aeration and pH in the fermenter showed that maximum alginate (16.8 g/L) was achieved at 300 rpm, 2.5 vvm aeration and controlled pH condition at 32 hours of incubation time. The alginate produced was identified by FTIR spectrum after precipitation. The purity of alginate was estimated by HPLC against the standard alginic acid from Sigma-Aldrich and was found to be 98% pure. The alginate produced was used at 3% concentration for immobilization of yeast cells. Immobilized and free cells were compared for ethanol production using 10% sucrose as the carbon source in fermentation medium. The maximum amount of ethanol obtained was from free cells i.e. 38 g/L whereas immobilized cells produced 32.5 g/L ethanol. The advantage of immobilization is that beads can be reused in eight sequential fermentation cycles of 10 h each. Thus a cheap and practical bioprocess of alginate production was developed, that can be exploited commercially to save foreign exchange.
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