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ڈاکٹر نعیم احمد

ڈاکٹر نعیم احمد
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ ماہ پروفیسر ڈاکٹر نعیم احمد ، صدر شعبۂ اردو علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی انتقال کرگئے، وہ بڑے خلیق ، ملنسار اور مرنجاں مرنج شخص تھے۔ ابھی وسط نومبر میں انھوں نے اپنے شعبہ میں توسیعی خطبہ دینے کے لیے مجھے مدعو کیا تھا مگر میں نے اپنی مشغولیت کی بنا پر اس وقت معذرت کردی تھی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، فروری ۱۹۹۶ء)

Understanding the anti-Mughal Struggle of Khushal Khan Khattak

Khushal Khan Khattak, a seventeenth century Pakhtun writer, poet and swordsman, and his forefathers had served the Mughal for a long time. However, his fortune took a sudden twist when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb imprisoned him in 1664, and kept him in solitary confinement at Ranthambore fort. After his release from prison, Khushal Khan was a different person. He remained no more a loyal Mughal official afterwards. Although, Aurangzeb Alamgir and a number of Mughal governors of Kabul tempted him several time to accept a position in the frontier areas but he out-rightly declined. This transformation is clearly visible in his poetry. He took up arms against the Mughals in 1673 and declared a war against them despite the fact that some of his family members even his son had sided with the Mughals. He continued his anti-Mughal struggle till his death in 1689. Some of the critics look at the antiMughal role of Khushal Khan with suspicion and have raised a few queries in this connection. This study looks into the circumstances that saw transformation in his outlook towards the Mughals. Then it explores, whether it was a personal vendetta or the start of a collective anti-Mughal Pakhtun struggle. The article looks into various dimensions, nature and direction of his struggle. This research paper is an attempt to evaluate objectively as to why and how Khushal Khan joined the anti-Mughal camp in the borderland area. Some more related questions are also discussed in details in this article.

Exploring New Dimensions in National Education Policies of Pakistan

Around the world, education is recognized the major input to ethical, civilizing and socio-economic growth of any society. Primary Education provides a base for the education system of any country. Almost every government in Pakistan has been consistently advocating and supporting Primary Education which is reflected in all Educational Policies. Since independence, in 1947, numerous researches have been carried on diverse faces of Educational Policies. The aim of the study was: (1) evaluating the current Educational strategies with special reference to Primary Education, (2) to explore the causes of failure of National Education Policies in achieving the targeted goals, (3) to suggest National Cohesion and Resilience with regard to all dogmas and religions, and to identify their educational and racial range, (4)assesing the present status of Primary Education, regarding implementation of national Education Policies, and (5) to suggest some measures regarding the improvement of Primary Education. All the Education Policies of Pakistan 1947 – 2009, with all of their dimensions were considered as domain of the between study. It was concluded that the aim of early Education, in Education Policies were not completely obtained. The method of their execution remained weak. Lacking dimensions of National Education Policies are: lack of economic condition, lack of socio-culture, lack of teacher training and inability of educational supervisors and administrators, lack of accountability, weak and defective mechanism, lack of evaluation and political interference in educational matters, non consciousness on strategy and its significance. At the end, some suggestions have been given for improvement of Primary Education in the future National Educational Policies of Pakistan.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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