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8 تلاشی کوٹ دی

تلاشی کوٹ دی

 

                چاچا اﷲ دتہ نے اپنے ہرے رنگ دے کوٹ دا اپر والا بٹن بند کردے آکھیا ’’انور پتر! شام نوں بازار توں پرتدے ہویاں میرے لئی دلیے دا اک ڈبہ تے لے آویں‘‘ ایہہ کہہ کے اوہناں دو پرانے دس دس والے نوٹ میرے ول وادھائے ’’چاچا! ایس دی کیہہ لوڑ اے؟ میں لے آواں گا‘‘ میں رسماً آکھیا۔

                ’’او نئیں پتر! میرے کول نہ ہوون تاں ہورگل اے‘‘ میں چاچے کولوں پیسے پھڑے تے بازار ٹرگیا، چاچا اﷲ دتہ ساڈے پنڈدے بزرگاں وچوں سن۔ ساڈے گھر توں اوہ تن گھر چھڈ اک کلی ورگے گھر وچ رہندے سن جس دا صرف اک ای کمرہ سی۔ بچے ہے نئیں سن تے گھر والی کدوں دی اﷲ کول ٹرگئی ہوئی سی۔ عمر وچ اوہ سٹھ دے لگ بھگ ہوون گے۔ جدوں وی اوہناں نوں کوئی بازار دا کم ہوندا تاں اوہ کسے وی بازار جارہے ہوندے بندے نوں آکھ دیندے۔ ہر بندہ ہس کے اوہناں دا کم کردا سی۔ اج مینوں بازار جاندے ویکھ کے اوہناں مینوں اپنے کم دا آکھ دتا۔ میں شامیں دلیا اوہناں نوں لیا کے دے دتا۔ چاچا اﷲ دتہ نوں سارے پنڈ والے وڈے چھوٹے چاچا ای آکھدے سن۔ اوہناں دی شخصیت بہت گنبھل دار سی تے اوہناں دا ہرے رنگ دا کوٹ جس نوں اوہ ہر ویلے پائی رکھدے اوہناں دی شخصیت نوں ہور گھنجل دار بنا دیندا سی۔ کوٹ اتے دو چوڑیاں لکیراں سن گرمی ہووے بھانویں سردی کوٹ ہر ویلے اوہناں دے جثے اتے رہندا۔ مینوں یاد نئیں کہ میں کدے اوہناں نوں بغیر کوٹ دے ویکھیا ہووے۔ چاچا نوں کئی لوک مذاق وچ کہہ دیندے سن ’’بھئی ایس کوٹ اند رکیہڑا خزانہ اے جو ایس نوں ہر ویلے پائی پھر دا ایں‘‘...

تربية الشباب عند العلماء والمفكرين الإمام محمد البشير الإبراهيمي نموذجا

The nation's youth are the source of its strength, and the makers of glory, they are men of the future, and to them belongs the leadership of the nation in all its affairs, because youth time is the stage at which human enjoys the full strength, of mind and heart. Young people are contributing an active role in shaping the present and foreseeing future prospects. Care and upbringing of young people, reformation through of reform of the educational curriculum in line with current developments and requirements, with emphasis on the fundamentals of the Islamic nation, and not merging with others is very importants. That’s why reformers are interested in youth, directing and upbringing them with sound education, correcting their distractions and the protection of their morals, in the development of sense of responsibility in serving their communities, and this is the most important duties of scientists and thinkers, the first defense of the nation Fort is beliefs and religion. Therefore, it is incumbent upon us in this day and era to be aware of our intellectuals, spreading their virtues and perpetuate the memory of them. To highlight this issue the researchwr has choosen Skaykh Muhammad Ibrāhīmī a reknown scientist and scholar of Algeria by highlighting his efforts in the field. This research paper is about the importance of youth in the advancement of society, and the negative impact of external factors on them; define responsibilities for deviating, and ways to reform, and the means to achieve it, through the efforts of Shaykh Al Ibrāhīmī, and his vision to reform and train youth keeping in view all the causes and factors involved in the proper training of youth.

The Patterns and Routes of Fragmentation of the Irradiated

This thesis describes detailed experimental studies of patterns and routes of fragmentation of C60 in the condensed form and as powder. The fragmentation has been investigated in collisional and ablative environments using continuous and pulsed, ions and electron beams. Two different types of experimental setups are used for the study of fragmentation in the two modes. Continuous mode fragmentation by Cs+ is studied using mass spectrometry. The effects of incident particle''s energy as well as dose variation on fragmentation patterns are investigated. Threshold energies for the emission of only C2 as a fragment in mass spectra are found to be different for C60 fullerite and powder samples. The pulsed and continuous mode fragmentations lead to ablation and collisional sputtering studies. Pulsed electrons and Ne+ induced fragmentation of C60 cages are studied by in situ emission spectroscopy. Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering, SNICS is employed to investigate collisions of Cs+ with C60 that led to its fragmentation. The Cs+ sputtered clusters, from the C60 acting as cathode surface are mass analyzed to identify the patterns and routes of the cage fragmentation. Two regimes of fragmentation of C60 cluster are observed by variation of E(Cs+) and showed significant difference among the emitted fragments. In the case of thermal regime, C60 undergoes fragmentation without destruction of the cage structure (Cs+-C60). The C60 cage however, shrinks by emitting one or more C2s. In the collisional regime the interaction of the incident particle with the cage constituents are more pronounced (Cs+-Cx). Effect of Cs+ dose variation on fragmentation patterns of C60 is also investigated using SNICS. Continuous irradiation by Cs+ is monitored by C2''s emitted intensity. C2 is found to be the major fragment even from the destroyed C60 cages after heavy dose of Cs+ ions. The ablative experiments are performed in pulsed discharge ion source. Fragmentation of C60 is compared with that of graphite. Two set of experiments are performed in this mode; one using electrons and the other using Ne+ ions. Due to the polarity and mass difference, the two incident particles produce different fragmentation patterns. In-situ emission spectroscopy observed the emitted fragments'', excited states. The vibrational temperature of C2 molecule emitted as fragment in result of electron ablation is found to xvii be ~ 12000 K. For the case of Ne+ induced fragmentation, the emitted C2 is found to be in non-LTE state. For both collisional and ablative experiments, C2 is found to be the dominant fragment at all bombarding energies and in all target conditions. Mass spectra observed C2 as the major fragment and emission spectroscopy provides clues to the details of the fragmentation route via C2 ejection. Structural changes in the irradiated C60 after bombardment of these particles are investigated by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Cs+ induced damage in the C60 clusters resulted in amorphization of the structure. The cage structure is destroyed as a result of heavy Cs+ dose. Pulsed Ne+ and electron ablation of C60 powder samples also resulted in breakage of the cages. Mass spectra of the heavily damaged and reformed fullerite continue to show C2 as the main fragment with C1, C3 and C4 as minor fragments. Diagnostics include emission, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy, XRD, AFM, mass spectrometry.
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