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میر مرتضیٰ بھٹو

میر مرتضی بھٹو

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کا بیٹا 18ستمبر1954کو کراچی میں پیدا ہو ا۔ابتدائی تعلیم کراچی سے حاصل کی ۔بیچلر ڈگر ی ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے اور ماسٹر ڈگری آکسفورڈ سے حاصل کی ۔1977ء میں اپنے والد کی رہائی کے لیے تاریخی مہم چلائی اور دنیا کے اہم ترین رہنمائوں سے ملاقات کی ۔

1993میں پاکستان واپس آتے ہی گرفتار ہو گئے ۔بعد میں ضمانت پررہا ہو گئے ۔ 1993میں لاڑکانہ سے سندھ اسمبلی کے ممبر منتخب ہوئے اور پیپلز پارٹی شہید بھٹو گروپ کی بنیاد رکھی۔20ستمبر 1996ء کو کراچی پولیس فائرنگ سے اپنے ساتھیوں سمیت ہلاک ہو گئے ۔

 

Frequency and Psychosocial Determinants of Gender Discrimination Regarding Food Distribution among Families

Due to male dominance in society as well as in households, the rights of females are ignored. Hence, there exists gender discrimination while giving food to family members which in turn results in poor health status for females. Therefore, it is important to explore the causes of this unequal distribution of food among family members Objective: To determine psychosocial factors causing gender discrimination regarding food distribution among families Methods: Data collected from fifty females aged 15-80 years, selected from the urban community using non-probability consecutive sampling, were used for analysis. Females with malnutrition, psychological disorders, with laparotomy and major surgery were excluded. Gender discrimination was assessed as males or male children were preferred for better and more food items like fresh food, meat, fruits, milk, dairy products and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to see the impact selected factors on gender discrimination Results: The large family size (> 6 members) showed significantly higher odds of discrimination (OR=3.89; 95% CI= 1.03-15.26) than smaller families. The odds of food discrimination were 4 times more for the families, with males being earning hand (OR=4.57; 95% CI= 1.19-18.31). Similarly, there exist higher odds of gender discrimination in low-income families (OR=5.10; 95% CI= 1.18-23.87). While maternal education reduces the chances of food discrimination (OR=0.10; 95% CI= 0.02-0.42)  Conclusions: Psychosocial factors such as large family size, low monthly income, males being earning hand and maternal education were found to be associated with gender discrimination regarding food distribution among family members.

The Place of Personal Values in Educational Leadership

The contemporary school leadership is not just a gear of technical and professional skills. It has literally evolved into a complex combination of social, moral and educational values and their translation through the art of leadership practices. The school leadership and administration has turned into a value-laden rather a value-saturated arena of interactions. Within the broader and complex framework of values, the personal values of the school leadership play a critical role in the everyday life of a school. Therefore, this study is intended to explore the types of personal values, the motivational bases for acquiring them and the influence of such personal values on the leadership practices of the school principals. Consequently, this study entered the field of exploration with a set of three questions. First, what are the main types of personal values endorsed by school principals?; secondly, what are the motivational bases for acquiring those personal values? And finally, the main question of how do these personal values influence the leadership practices of the school principals? To address the above stated queries, a comparative case study method followed within the qualitative research paradigm. Two community based school principals were purposefully selected as study participants from the private secondary school context of Karachi, Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews, observations, reflective journal and document analysis were used as the main data collection tools for the study. The data gathered is qualitatively analyzed through thematic interpretation and of the participants' perspectives. The study found that the types of personal values and the motivational bases for the acquisition of such values are very much contextualized. A deep-rooted connection exists between the value types and the motivational bases. There are various regulating factors that steer the acquisition of such personal values by the principals. This research further explored that the leadership practices of the principals are considerably influenced by their personal values in terms of cultivating a school culture, establishing structures and marinating relationships with the external community. Based on the study findings an effort has been made to put forward a contextualized model. The findings of this study can be significant to the educational leaders in exploring new dimensions in their leadership practices. It may help the educational leaders in the developing context to understand their own personal values in order to see how they are getting translated through their practices. The findings may provide practical and contextual information to the teacher educators
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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