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پروفیسر شہریار

مظہر امام /پروفیسر شہریار/پروفیسر مغنی تبسم
افسوس اس ماہ فروری میں اردو کے آسماں پر درخشاں، چند ستاروں کے چھپ جانے سے اردو دنیا کی رونق میں کمی آگئی، جناب مظہر امام ، پروفیسر شہریار ، پروفیسر مغنی تبسم یکے بعد دیگرے رخصت ہوئے، مظہر امام کی شناخت آزاد غزل کے حوالے سے ہے، کئی شعری اور تنقیدی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، پروفیسر شہریار اور پروفیسر مغنی تبسم، ہندوستان کی دو ممتاز جامعات یعنی مسلم یونیورسٹی اور جامعہ عثمانیہ میں اردو کے کامیاب اور نامور استاد ہی نہیں، شعرو ادب کی دنیا میں صاحب مرتبہ و مقام بھی تھے، شہریار کی شہرت گو ان کی زندگی کے دور آخر میں خوشبو کی طرح عام ہوئی لیکن نشاط غم اور رنج شادمانی کے مختصر اور فانی لمحات کا ساتھ عمر بھر رہا، ان کی شہرت کے شہپر جب سمٹے ہوئے تھے اس وقت بھی انہوں نے اس خاموشی کو بلیغ معانی دیے تھے، خواب، رات، دیار، پرچھائیں، سفر، تشنہ لبی کے پردے میں وہ دیار دل اور بزم دوستاں تلاش کرتے رہے، مغنی تبسم شہریار کے پیشہ تدریس میں ہی شریک نہیں رسالہ شعرو حکمت میں بھی برابر کے سہیم تھے، وہ حیدرآباد کے دائرہ ادبیات اردو اور رسالہ سب رس سے مدتوں وابستہ رہے، فانی بدایونی پر تحقیق کی تھی، درجنوں کتابیں لکھیں، عجیب بات ہے کہ ادبی سفر میں مغنی تبسم اور شہریار ساتھ ساتھ رہے، ابدی سفر میں بھی یہ رفاقت قائم رہی، شہریار کے نام ایک خط میں مغنی تبسم نے لکھا تھا کہ ’’شاعری تو ایسی چیز ہے جو خدا، انسان اور کائنات کے درمیان پچھلی راتوں کا دعائیہ بن جاتی ہے، کتنے لوگ ہیں جوان ساعتوں میں دست دعا دراز کرتے ہیں‘‘، مغفرت کے لیے کوئی عمل یا کوئی قول کام آسکتا ہے، ہمارا دست دعا بھی اسی لیے دراز ہے۔...

نوجوانوں میں تعلیم و تربیت کے فقدان کا تدارک اور سدباب: سیرت مبارکہ کی روشنی میں

Youth is no doubt the asset of Muslim world. If they are utilized in charitable activities; in the protection of respect and honor; and developmental works, they can prove to be beneficial and a blessing. While if they are taken by destructive elements in their hands they will become source of destruction and harm. By providing proper Islamic education, our future will be in safe hands and will breath in an air of respect among other nations. In young age, deterioration in manners and moral corruption are alarming and cause mischief in society. Therefore, the interest taken in the problems of youth will result in a progressive society and ummah. Islam has given a special place to youth and has declared them future architect and leaders of humanity. The holy prophet S.A.W has given much importance to the youth and focused on them during his life time.  In Islamic history, Muslim youth has represented the Muslim world in golden words and has spread the message of Islam’s moral height and greatness to the coming generations and nations. Due to the importance of youth problem of the youth in current time regarding lack of education and training are particularly discussed in this article. The research article begins with the detailed study of the research done in the area of education and socialization of youth. Moreover, the importance of education and socialization has been discussed in the light of the teachings of Quran and Hadith. After this, decadence in education, factors responsible for the decadence in education and its worse consequences have been thoroughly discussed in the light of the teachings of Islam.  As there are several reasons responsible for the downfall of education like: parents, teachers, education system, society, state, preachers, political parties and media, therefore, responsibility of the remedy of this lack of proper education and socialization also depend on all these stake holders. In the end of the paper, recommendations are given for the cure of decadence in education.

Biochemical, Environmental and Medicinal Exploration of Euphorbia Prostrata Aiton and Euphorbia Granulata Forssk

Euphorbia granulata Forssk and Euphorbia prostrata Aiton are two medicinal plants belonging to family euphorbiaceae. The present study was aimed at biochemical, environmental and medicinal exploration of these two plants. Biochemically the two plants and their parts were investigated for proximate composition, important phytochemicals and mineral elements. Nutritionally both plants were found with almost identical and excellent quantities of crude fibers (18.3 ±0.68 to 20 ± 0.49), proteins (17.5 ±0.52 to 18.3 ± 0.18) and carbohydrates (39.64 ±0.29 to39.9 ±1.32) however E. prostrata was comparatively more nutritious than E. granulata. Similarly more lipids were noted for E. granulata compared to E. prostrata. Vertical distribution in plant parts showed comparatively more protein and lipids in seeds, more carbohydrates in stem and roots and more fibers in roots than other parts. Phytochemicals are medicinally important secondary metabolites. The composition of the two plants showed the presence of total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in good quantity. Comparing the two plants, showed high amount of phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids in E. granulata however tannins and glycosides were found more in E. prostrata. Both plants contained equal amount of saponins. Leaves were found the highest contributor to the total phytochemicals quantified in whole plant. Macro and micro minerals in plants are important for the health of its consumers. The composition of E. granulata and E. prostrata revealed that the two plants were good source of most minerals. The plants contained micronutrients Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Mo and Se in sufficient amount to supply them well above the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Only Cu was present in small amount. On the other hand only Cl was present in small amount while the rest of macronutrients (S, Ca, P, Na, N and K) were present in good dietary quantity. Some plants have the unique ability of accumulating toxic heavy metals from contaminated soil called phyto-extractor. The phyto-extraction ability E. granulata and E. prostrata was checked for Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ag, Mo, Ni and Sn. Out of these tested heavy metals E. granulata was found to take up Mo, As and Ni actively while E. prostrata tend to extract Hg and Mo with bio-accumulation coefficient more than 1. The levels of heavy metals accumulated in the two plants were also evaluated for toxicity. The observed concentrations in the two plants were not enough to produce toxicity specified by WHO/FAO and other authorities are mentioned in this dissertation. The two plants exhibited pronounced effects on biochemical and physiological parameters. Diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart diseases (CHDs), hypertension, hepatitis, osteoporosis, and blood related diseases have posed challenge to the health care providers. Synthetic therapeutics is not only expensive but a number of adverse side effects are associated with them. Plants are possible sources of novel structural entities that could provide effective treatment to the prevailing diseases. Extracts of E. granulata and E. prostrata were noted to decrease the blood glucose level in normal rabbits more than in alloxan induced DM rabbits. The hypoglycemic effect was more pronounced with E. granulata than with E. prostrata. The two plants were also found effective in modulating the levels of serum lipid profile. The levels of TC, LDL and VLDL decreased with E. granulata extract, in normal, isoprenaline treated and diabetic rabbits but had no effect on the levels of HDL, TG or FFA. However in case of E. prostrata, additionally FFA levels also normalized with extract. The results of preventive groups revealed that both E. granulata and E. prostrata have the ability to minimize the myocardial cell injury caused by isoprenaline. ALT, AST, bilirubin, urea, albumin and total protein are biochemical markers that indirectly reflect the health of liver. Rabbits having hepatic injury when treated with extract of E. granulata had brought down significantly (p <0.01) the levels of ALTand AST but had increased that of urea, TP and Alb. This was an indirect reflection of improved liver health. The impact of E. prostrata on these markers was not equally effective. In latter case, although ALT and AST decreased significantly (p<0.05) with extract dose but TP and Alb were not improved to any significant degree. The extract dose of both E. granulata and E. prostrata, before inducing liver injury was effective in minimizing the CCl4 induced injury. The impact on bone health was monitored from the level of bone health markers (ALP, Ca and P levels). It was noted that the extract of E. granulata and E. prostrata had significant (p > 0.05) and similar to PTH effects on bone health profile. There were increased activities of ALP and high serum levels of Ca and P levels which were clear indications of positive impact on bone health. Three major electrolytes levels were monitored with different extract doses. The plant extract had no indication on influencing the levels of serum electrolytes. The two plants had also exhibited to have therapeutic effect in improving anemia in experimentally induced animals. It was noted that with extract dose of E. granulata the values of Rbcs, Hb and PCV increased but no change was noted for MCH, MCHC and MCV. This represented that after treatment with extract Rbcs were produced having normal size and optimum Hb concentration. It was further investigated the plant extract had no effect in preventing the damage caused by PHZ. In case of E. granulata the ant anemic property was observed in both normal as well as in anemic rabbits but E. prostrata was effective in anemic subject only. Studying the impacts of the two plants on immunological parameters (Tlc, neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes) unveiled that they have no role in modulating immune system. The two plants were evaluated for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging activity. E. prostrata whole plant exhibited more DPPH inhibition (67.37 ± 0.949%) than E. granulata (59.93 ± 1.058%) had. Stems of the two plants had equal activities while leaves of E. prostrata were more scavenging properties than E. granulata. However the case of roots was reversed of the leaves. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay results proved the non-cytotoxic nature of the two plants with high LC 50 of 33.88 (E. granulate) and 25.7 mg / ml (E. prostrata). The plants were further checked for phytotoxicity using lemna bioassay and radish seeds germination and radical growth methods. The results suggested that E. granulata extracts had stimulant effect on Lemna minor growth but had no effects either on seed radish seed germination or radical growth. Furthermore phytotoxicity study revealed that E. prostrata had neutral activity towards Lemna minor and radish seeds germination. However the extracts had inhibitory effects on small doses but were stimulatory towards radical growth at large doses. Three methods were used to check the insecticidal potential of the two plants but both E. granulata and E. prostrata were ineffective against Tribolium castaneum. Antibacterial potential of the two plants were checked against eight pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cerus, Citrobacter frundii, Streptococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escheritia coli and Serratia marcscens). Of all the tested strains Serratia marcscens was found most sensitive while Citrobacter frundii (QUF-ATCC) the most resistant to both extracts. Similarly antifungal activities of the two plants were evaluated against four important fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium oxysporum). Out of them Aspergillus niger was found sensitive to E. granulata while Aspergillus flavus to E. v prostrata. In combination with standard drug the extracts of both E. granulata and E. prostrata exhibited additive properties, against both bacterial strains as well as fungal strains. Antitumor potential were also tested using Agrobacterium tumefaciens on potato discs and carrot discs methods. The two had no tumor suppressing activities rather a 10% stimulatory effect on potato discs was noted for E. granulata." xml:lang="en_US
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