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آیت اﷲ خمینی

علامہ آیت اﷲ روح اﷲ خمینی
یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ اسلامی جمہوریہ ایران کے بانی علامہ آیت اﷲ روح اﷲ خمینی کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، وہ اسلامی نظام کے علمبردار ہونے کی بنا پر قید اور جلاوطن کیے گئے، ایران سے شہنشاہیت کا خاتمہ اور جمہوریت کا قیام نیز اسے مغربی ملکوں کی گرفت سے نکال کر اسلام کے راستہ پر ڈال دینا ان کا اہم کارنامہ ہے، اپنی آخری وصیت میں انھوں نے ساری دنیا کے مسلمانوں کو امریکی و روسی تسلط سے چھٹکارا حاصل کرکے باہم متحد ہونے، اپنے دست و بازو پر بھروسہ کرنے اور بتان رنگ و بو کو چھوڑ کر اخوت اسلامی کے رشتہ میں منسلک ہوجانے کی دعوت دی ہے، مگر اسلامی انقاب کے بعد ایران میں خون خرابہ ہوا، عراق سے آٹھ برس تک جنگ ہوتی رہی، حرم میں شورش بپا ہوئی، اس لیے ایران کے انقلاب کو نسلی و قومی سمجھا جانے لگا، مگر انھوں نے امریکی سفارتخانہ کو یرغمال بنانے کا اعلان کرکے ساری دنیا کو دم بخود کردیا۔
سلمان رشدی کے قتل کے فتوے سے وہ عام مسلمانوں میں بہت محبوب ہوگئے تھے، ایرانی انقلاب نے پھر ثابت کردیا کہ علماء اور مذہبی رہنما بھی قوموں کی تاریخ موڑ دینے کا کام انجام دیتے رہے ہیں، آج اسلامی ممالک مغربی حکومتوں کی کٹھ پتلی بنے ہوئے ہیں لیکن مرحوم خمینی کی جڑیں عوام میں بہت گہری تھیں، اس لیے بڑی طاقتیں ان کا کچھ بگاڑ نہیں سکیں، وہ انقلاب کے روز ہی کی طرح وفات کے دن تک عوام میں مقبول رہے، ان کی وفات بڑا سانحہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ لغزشوں کو معاف کرے اور مرحوم کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جون ۱۹۸۹ء)
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دمشق کے مجلہ مجمع اللغۃ العربیہ کے سال گزشتہ کے شمارے ہم کو حال ہی...

Factors Related to the Implementation of Evidenced-based Practice (EBP) of Nursing Staffing Levels in Hospitals: A Literature Review

The implementation of Evidenced-based practice (EBP) was one of the factors in increasing the quality of health services as an ideal problem-solving approach. The ability of nurses to appliance EBP was influenced by many factors, not only on individual nurses consisting by the support of unit leader and colleague. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the implementation of EBP at the care room level establishing on the support of coworkers and nursing managers. This writing used a literature review study, from several databases namely PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with a limitation of the last 5 years. 17 journals met the inclusion criteria and the results of a literature review study show: eight journals conclude that the support of colleagues and authority in changing practices affects the implementation of EBP, 13 journals concluded the role of managerial nurses affects the implementation of EBP consisting of leadership support and mentorship including the lack of knowledge and skills of nursing leaders regarding EBP. Data from the collected and identified literature study clearly showed that EBP knowledge and skills of nursing leaders related to EBP are important factors in increasing the implementation of EBP but co-worker factors can be a supporter and also an obstacle to the implementation of EBP if it is not well managed.

Epidemiological Study and Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants on Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep in Hyderabad District

The epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep was investigated in farms of small farmers in Hyderabad district during the year of 2004-05. Faecal egg counts, packed cell volume, herbage larval counts, adult worm counts and inhibited/arrested development larvae from permanently grazing sheep were monitored. On the basis of the coproculture and necropsy, seven species of gastrointestinal nematodes were identified i.e. Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Ostertagia circumcincta, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris ovis, Oesphagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina. The overall prevalence rate of infection was 42.1 and 44.75 per cent on the basis of coprological examination and necropsy respectively. The results revealed that faecal egg counts (FEC), larval pasture counts, total worm counts (TWC) and packed cell volume (PCV) of sheep were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by seasonal variation (months). The FEC and TWC of sheep reached to the highest level during the rainy summer season (September) i.e.1913.4 and 920.8 respectively, while it declined to lower level during the dry season (February) i.e. 826.19 and 625.25. The arrested development larvae (L4) of H.contortus, O.circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oe.columbianum were observed to occur from November to April and reached the peak in February i.e.511.4; whereas, L4 of S. papillosus, T. ovis and C. ovina did not show prone to arrest. The numbers of infective larvae (L3) on the pasture reached the peak of infectivity in August (1885) and declined to lower level in January (790). The PCV values of sheep were monitored during entire course of the study. There was highly decreased on PCV values of sheep during summer season (August) i.e. 24.88 percent and remained fluctuated during other seasons of the year. The drastic drop in PCV values were coincided with increased of FEC of sheep. During the year of 2005-06, the anthelmintic activity of Fumaria parviflora L. (Fumariaceae) whole plant, Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) whole plant, Nigella sativa L. ( Ranunculaceae ) seeds, and Azadirachta indica L. ( Meliaceae) seeds were screened through the egg hatch and larval development assays in vitro. The results revealed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of F. parviflora A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica at the concentrations of 3.12, 6.3, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/ml exhibited ovicidal and larvicidal (P<0.05) against egg and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. All plant extracts showed dose-dependent (P<0.05). The inhibition rate of plant extracts on eggs and larvae was ranged between 9.3 - 96.0 percent. In the year of 2006-07, the field trials were conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of F. parviflora, A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep using the faecal egg counts reduction test (FECRT) in vivo. In each plant treatment trial, the experimental animals (n=50) were divided into five groups (n=10) at random using age, weight, sex and level of helminth infections as the blocking factors and subjected to different treatment with single dose of plant extracts and/or commercial anthelmintic as follow: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups received single doses of 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively of respective plant extracts, while 4th group acted as a positive control group which was given a single dose of levamisole 7.5mg/kg (ICI® Pakistan) and 5th group served as negative control group and received no treatment. The results revealed a gradual reduction in FEC of experimental animals treated with different doses of different plant extracts and commercial anthelmintic drugs, and the difference was significant (P<0.05) on day 14 post treatment from day 0. The FEC decreased (P<0.05) significantly from day 3 onward to day 14 post treatment. F. parviflora extract exhibited the highest effect (P<0.05) in FEC reduction of experimental animals i.e. 77.6 and 70.5 percent for ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively at the dose of 200mg/kg on the day 14 post-treatment. The effect of plant extracts on the haematological values also was discussed. The results of the study suggest that combination of strategic use of anthelmintic drugs and medicinal plant extracts could be useful for the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep.
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