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سید ہاشم علی اختر

سید ہاشم علی اختر صاحب
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ جون ۲۰۰۳؁ء کو جناب سید ہاشم علی اختر شکاگو میں وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ و انا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ جامعہ عثمانیہ کے مایہ ناز فرزند، حیدرآباد کے نام ور شخص اور ملک کے بڑے دانشور تھے، ان کو ملک کی دو شہرہ آفاق یونیورسٹیوں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد اور علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کا وائس چانسلر ہونے کا فخر بھی حاصل ہوا۔
جناب ہاشم علی اختر کی پیدائش ۶؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۲۴؁ء کو حیدرآباد میں ہوئی تھی، شروع کی تعلیم مدرسوں میں ہوئی، ۱۹۳۸؁ء میں انہوں نے جامعہ عثمانیہ سے بی ایس سی اور ۱۹۴۴؁ء میں ایم ایس سی کیا، ان کی طبیعت کا رجحان علم و تعلیم کی طرف تھا، اس لیے شروع میں درس و تدریس ہی کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، پہلے سٹی ہائی اسکول میں مدرس ہوئے پھر سٹی کالج میں جونیئر لکچرر ہوئے، مگر ان میں نظم و نسق کی صلاحیت بھی بہ درجہ اتم تھی، اس لیے جلد ہی انتظامی شعبے سے ان کا تعلق ہوگیا اور ۱۹۴۶؁ء میں وہ حیدرآباد سیول سروس کے لیے منتخب ہوگئے، اس کے بعد آئی۔اے۔ایس کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوا اور ڈپٹی کلکٹر کے عہدے پر تقرر ہوا جس سے ترقی کرتے ہوئے پرنسپل سکریڑی کے عہدے پر فائز ہوئے۔
ہاشم صاحب کو نظم و نسق کا اچھا سلیقہ تھا، ایک کامیاب اور نیک نام آئی اے ایس آفیسر کی حیثیت سے ان کو بڑی عزت و شہرت ملی، سکریٹریٹ کی اچھی کارکردگی اور خوش انتطامی ہی کی وجہ سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حکومت نے ۱۹۸۲؁ء میں انہیں جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد کا وائس چانسلر مقرر کردیا، ابھی اس کی میعاد مکمل نہیں ہوئی تھی کہ ۱۹۸۵؁ء میں علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر کے لیے ان کا انتخاب ہوگیا۔
وائس چانسلر کی حیثیت سے ان کی کارکردگی...

اجماع کی اہمیت شریعت اسلامی کی روشنی میں

Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ )Consensus( restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah). Now Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to correlate it to every need of the time.

Clinical and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associations of its Genotypes With Antiviral Therapy in Pakistani Patients.

Genotypes of hepatitis B virus and their role in disease severity and treatment response has not been studied from all over the Pakistan. This research was aimed to study HBV genotype prevalence in all parts of Pakistan, relationship of HBV genotypes with viral and biochemical factors, influence of different treatments and pretreatment factors on patients'' response, and the mutations responsible for resistance. A total of 840 samples was collected from all over the Pakistan and genotyped by type specific primer PCR method. Viral load, ALT and HBsAg tests were performed for 154 treatment naive patients and the values were compared by ANOVA. One hundred and sixty two chronic HBV patients were compared for three treatments viz. Tenofovir, Entecavir and Peg-Interferon. Patients were monitored for virological response, combined response, HBsAg clearance and HBeAg clearance. The data was analyzed by logistic regression and Chi square tests. Viral reverse transcriptase domain of 20 non-responder patients was sequenced and mutations were detected by aligning the sequences with wild type strains. Genotype D was found to be the most prevalent genotype from all parts of the country as it was present in 71.2% of the samples. The second major sample population (17.3%) was found to be infected with a mixture of different combinations of genotypes, with the dominant combination of A+D (13.7%) while genotype A was the third more prevalent genotype (7.7%). Genotypes B, C and E were found from less than 1% of the samples. Significantly higher values of viral load were found in patients with genotype A+D while no relation of genotype with ALT and HBsAg levels was found. Correlation, however was found between the levels of HBsAg and the HBV DNA quantities of the patients having HBeAg negative infection. Combine response of peginterferon treated patients was higher than entecavir and tenofovir treated patients which have higher rate of virological response than peginterferon treated patients. Genotype A and low baseline viral load were associated to better treatment response. HBV genotype, baseline viral load, HBeAg and ALT were found to be significant factors in at least two of the treatment arms. In tenofovir group, only HBeAg and ALT had a significant influence on response rate, where high base line ALT and negative HBeAg were related with better virologic response. In both entecavir and peginterferon arms, genotype A, low viral load, low ALT and negative HBeAg were associated with better virologic response of the patients. Universally accepted resistant mutations were identified from 8 samples while some new mutations were also found which are still not known for their role in resistance. Known mutations rtL180M/I and rtA181V were found from 6 (30%) samples while rtM204V and rtV173L were found from 5 (25%) samples each. New mutations, rtY135S and rtN248H were found from 13 (65%) and 12 (60%) samples respectively. The study concludes that HBV/D is the most prevalent HBV genotype in Pakistan followed by A+D and A genotypes. Mix infection with A+D is associated with high HBV DNA quantities and low rate of treatment response. Genotype A or D alone, low viral load and negative HBeAg, are significant predictors of high response rate. Treatment with tenofovir and entecavir have better virologic response rate as compared to peginterferon treatment.
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