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محمد بوٹا کھوکھر

محمد بوٹا کھوکھر

اے دنیا والو! گواہ رہنا ہم مرتے دم تک بھٹو والے ہیں ۔اے قائد عوام ہم تمہاری پھانسی کا قرض چکا نے تمہارے نقش قدم پر چلتے ہوئے تختہ دار تک آئے ۔نام محمد بوٹا کھوکھر۔ لاہور کینٹ کوٹ لکھپت سازش کیس کا ایک ملزم۔ جرم جنرل ضیاء الحق کا تختہ الٹنے کی سازش۔ سزائے موت پھر عمر قید ۔مارشل لاء ایک باغی چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کا ایک جیالہ پنجاب کا ایک بہادر سپوت ہمت والا جرات والا کال کوٹھری شاہی قلعہ میں ہر وقت ہنستا مسکراتا چہرہ ۔آج ہمیں رلا گیا ۔ہمارا ساتھ چھوڑ گیا ۔

 

البنوك الإسلامية ودورها في الاقتصاد التركي

Within the global financial system, Islamic banks have a small but growing share, and today they have become an integral part of the global financial system. Islamic banks in the world have been operating according to interest-free financing techniques, which are mainly developed on sharing of profits and losses in accordance with the difference principles between purchase and sale. However, the presentation of financial products in Turkey is conducted by ‘participation banks’ operating according to Islamic rules. Participation banks play a vital role in economic development by gaining the unused funds to the economy. This study will examine the performance of the participation banks operating in Turkey and their increasing share in the Turkish finance sector will be assessed. The work sheet will contain three demands: First: Islamic banks and the difference between them and the definition of riba-based banks. Second: The history of Islamic banks in Turkey. Third: The role of Islamic banks in the sustainable development of the Turkish economy.

Diversity of Bemisia Tabaci, the Bacterial Endosymbionts It Harbours and the Geminiviruses It Acquires Across Pakistan

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a highly invasive insect pest and is considered a cryptic species complex. This study was conducted to investigate the diversity and distribution of whiteflies of the B. tabaci species complex in Pakistan, and also to investigate the diversity endosymbionts and viruses harboured. Using a well-established, PCR-based cloning and sequencing of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) marker, six biotypes Asia II 8, Asia II 7, Asia II 5, Asia II 1, Asia 1, and MEAM 1” were identified in Pakistan. Asia II-1 was found to be the most common biotype present and thus may possibly be the most important vector of the begomovirus complex which causes cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan. The study also highlighted changes in the prevalent biotypes in some regions in the country. Using the 16S general and specific primers, in conjunction with sequencing, six endosymbionts (Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia) were identified. Arsenophonus found to be associated with Asia II-1 while Hamiltonella was associated with the MEAM-1. The presence and prevalence of each symbiont varied in different biotypes and also varied between regions. Endosymbionts are important in virus-vector interactions. A number of distinct begomovirus species were identified with Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus, the most prevalent virus causing CLCuD in Pakistan at this time, the frequently identified. The levels of viral and betasatellite DNA were measured at 2 weekly intervals in B. tabaci collected from cotton using a quantitative PCR assay during the cotton growing seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016. Although there were differences between the three years, in general, it was found that the level of betasatellite rises during the cotton growing season whereas the level of virus initially rises and then decreases at the end of the season. For both virus and betasatellite the DNA levels are very low initially, when there are no CLCuD symptoms in the crop, indicating that the initial inoculum is low. This comprehensive study provides the basis for the design of vector/virus control strategies which can be tested using the methodologies devised and implemented during the study.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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