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قرآن مجید میں آیات ِاستفہام کی نوعیتیں

قرآن مجید میں آیات ِاستفہام کی نوعیتیں

 قرآن مجید کے مطالعہ سے واضح ہوتا ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن حمید میں متعدد مقامات پر انسانیت سے مختلف سوالات کیے ہیں جنہیں چار انواع میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے،جن کی وضاحت کتبِ تفسیر کی روشنی میں اقوالِ سلف کے ساتھ ذکرکیا جاتا ہے:

تفسیر الدر المنثور فی التفسیر با لماثور میں بعض موضوعی روایات کا علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ: سورۃ النساء تا سورۃ المائدہ

Jalal-ud-Din Abdur  Al Rahman ibn Bakr-Suyuti who has written a well-known Tafseer Al-Durr Al-Man’thur  fi al-tafsir Bil-Ma’thur. This is a big treasurer of explanatory traditions but unfortunately he has quoted some fabricated narrations in this tafseer which caused doubt about the validity of his commentary. This article deals with the some fabricated report.

Impact of Low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude Towards Chemistry at Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study aimed to investigate the Impact of low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude towards Chemistry at Secondary level in Khyber. A related purpose was to investigate the gender differences in creativity, achievement and attitude towards Chemistry. The research strategy adopted in this study was mixed methods; both quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. As triangulation are the key characteristics of mixed method. Therefore, triangulation was in this research as well. To assess creativity of the students a test of creativity was developed. The test was comprised of five components, i.e. sensibility to problem, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration & redefinition. The reliability of the creativity test of science (Chemistry) was established using the test - retest method. The test-retest took 25 days. The test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87. Achievement test was prepared according to the style of routine exam of the schools / colleges. The objective of this particular study is to investigate the impact of teaching science through low cost materials on students’ achievement. Therefore, on the bases of cognitive domains, (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation) of Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives the researcher developed achievement tests (pre-tests and post-test) from the contents and activities of 12 grad of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook of Chemistry. There were 29 items and every item had four options. The test was shown to practicing teachers in 15 schools and their comments were sought. And necessary changes were made in the questions and test as a whole. The test was also piloted to 80 students and item analysis was carried out. Similarly, a modified versiob of Test of Science-Related Attitude (TOSRA) was used to measure students’ attitude towards chemistry. The test was purely constructed on Likert scale to measure the students’ attitude towards chemistry on the factors such as Behavior tendency to learn chemistry, Liking for chemistry laborastory work , Liking for chemistry theory lesson , Evaluation belief about chemistry, Leisure interest in science andEnjoyment of chemistry .Besides these tests two interviews (one for teachers and one for students) were also conducted for data collection. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of students for interviews. The selection of the students was non-random. The researcher selected nine students for structured interview. Three students from high achiever group three students from average and three from lower achieving groups. The selection was on the bases of achievement in their creativity test, pre-test and post-test and on the researcher observation Likert check list. There were some threats (extraneous variables) which could affect the experimental study. The researcher controlled these threats, because any uncontrolled extraneous variable could affect the performance on the depending variable to the validity of an experiment.During pilot study the researcher came to know that what type of internal and external validity could be controlled. On the bases of threats the researcher selected an institution and sample where all the threats were controlled. The most important internal threats were mortality, instrumentation, testing and differential selection of participants faced during pilot study. Due to mortality, the reduction in the number of participants occurred over time as individuals dropped out for different reasons. 26 out of 80 participants dropped out. The researcher, in broad study, overcame the mortality of groups by obtaining demographic information about the participants before the start of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-test through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Similarly qualitative data from interviews was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. Main findings of the study indicated that students in experimental group, taught through activity with low cost materials, showed significantly greater creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry than the students in control group. This study further showed that female students, both in experimental and control groups, outperformed their male counterparts. This shows that teaching through activities with low cost material produced better results in the terms of creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry.
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