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مقدمہ

الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلوة والسلام على رسوله الكريم اما بعد: اللہ تعالیٰ کی سب سے بڑی نعمت یہ ہے کہ ہمیں اسلام سے نوازا جو دین فطرت ہے ایک ہمہ گیر اور مکمل دین ہے علم و اخلاق کا دین ہے ہر زمان و مکان کے لیے موزوں و مناسب دین ہے آسانی و رحمت کا دین ہے قرآن ہی اسلام ہے قرآن مجید اللہ رب ذوالجلال کا پاک کلام ہے جسے اس نے اپنے محبوب پیغمبر سید کائناتﷺ پر نازل فرمایا یوں تو اللہ تعالیٰ نے امام الانبیاء رحمۃ للعالمین حضرت محمدﷺ کو بہت سے معجزات عطا فرمائے تھے مگر ان میں سے ایک سب سے عظیم ، ابدی، دائمی، لافانی اور سرمدی معجزہ قرآن مجید ہے ۔قرآن مجید کی تلاوت اور معانی و مفاہیم کو سمجھنے کے لیے اور سمجھانے کے لیے تدبر و تفکر افضل ترین عبادت ہے بلکہ دین و عبادت کی تمام ترعمارت قرآن مجید کی ہی اساس پر استوار ہے قرآن مجید میں احکام بھی ہیں شرائع بھی، امثال بھی ہیں اور مواعظ و تاریخ بھی، نہ امور دین سے متعلق کوئی ایسی چیز ہے جس کی قرآن مجید میں توضیح و تبیین نہ کر دی گئی ہو اور نہ نظامِ کائنات سے متعلق کوئی ایسی بات ہے جس کی قرآن حکیم میں وضاحت و صراحت نہ کر دی گئی ہو مسلمانوں نے بھی قرآن مجید کے ساتھ اپنے سینوں کو منور کیا اور اس کی تعلیمات کے مطابق عمل کیا اس کے بحر ذخائر میں غواصیوں کے بعد علوم و فنون کے ایسے لعل و جواہردنیا کے سامنے پیش کیے جس کی سابقہ ادیان و اقوام میں کوئی مثال نہیں ملتی۔
کسی نے تو لغات قرآن، تحریرکلمات، مخارج حروف قرآن پر بحث کی تو کسی نے عموم و خصوص، حقیقتا و مجاز، ظاہر و مجمل، محکم و مشتابہ، امرونہی...

Analisis Faktor Determinan Pengungkapan Sustainability Report (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar dalam Indeks LQ–45 Tahun 2019 – 2022)

This research aims to find out whether gender diversity, audit committees, institutional ownership, and employee pressure has a significant effect on the sustainability report. This research method is a quantitative research by taking samples using a purposive sampling technique based on predetermined characteristics of 20 companies listed in the LQ-45 index for 2019-2022. The type of data used is secondary data and the method of analysis used is panel data regression using Eviews. The results of the study show that the calculation of the hypothesis, namely gender diversity, has no significant effect on the sustainability report with a significant level of 0.5341> 0.05. The audit committee has no significant effect on the sustainability report with a significant level of 0.6224>0.05. Institutional ownership has no significant effect on the sustainability report with a significant level of 0.1466>0.05. Employee pressure has a positive and significant effect on the sustainability report with a significant level of 0.0105<0.05. For simultaneous testing, an F count of 3.812784 is obtained with a probability of 0.000022 <0.05, meaning that gender diversity, audit committee, institutional ownership, and employee pressure simultaneously influence the sustainability report.

Integration of Seeding Rates and Weed Management Techniques for Weed Suppression and Some Agronomic Traits of Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop has gained attention of the arid region farmers across Pakistan because of the low water requirement. Meanwhile, the chickpea is poor competitor of weeds in its early growth stages due to its slow growth rate and leaf area development. Taking under consideration the negative impact of weeds on chickpea crop, field, pot and laboratory studies were conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14. During field studies, the effects of different chickpea seeding rates and different weed control techniques were tested against chickpea weeds under rain-fed conditions. The results of the field experiments showed that during both the years the lowest weed density (115.18 and 64.40 m-2) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC followed by Dual Gold 960 EC. The maximum seed yield (1226 and 1411 kg ha-1) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC for both the years, respectively followed by the application of Dual Gold 960 EC and manual weeding. Among the chickpea seeding rates, the maximum number of branches plant-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield kg ha-1 were observed for 70 kg ha-1 seed rate during both the years. The economic analysis exposed that the maximum net profit to the farmers in case of added cost was obtained from the application of pre-emergence herbicides i.e., Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC as compared to the other weed control techniques. In pot studies the sensitivity of chickpea was tested against two pre-emergence herbicides (Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC) and three post-emergence herbicides (Topik 15 WP, Puma Super 75 EW and Isoproturon 500 EW). In pot studies, chickpea was more sensitive to pre-emergence than post-emergence herbicides in terms of their toxicity. All the studied parameters of chickpea showed a significant response to the herbicides applied except nodules fresh and dry biomass. Moreover, the least chickpea plant height (cm), number of nodules plant-1 and protein content (%) in seed were recorded under the pre-emergence application of Stomp 330 EC. In the third experiment, the allelopathic potential of five common weeds including Parthenium hysterophorus L., Cyperus rotundus L., Datura stramonium L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Convolvulus arvensis L. was examined against the different chickpea varieties (Karak-I, Karak-III and Sheenghar) under laboratory conditions. The results of the lab. studies demonstrated that among the chickpea varieties the “Karak-III” showed more susceptibility against the phytotoxic effects of weed extracts. However, among the tested extracts, C. arvensis showed more allelopathic effects in terms of germination failure in chickpea and just gave 43.33% germination as compared to control treatment (97.50%). However, the extract of P. australis showed a little stimulatory effects on all the tested chickpea varieties. Hence, it is concluded that an integrated weed management approach involving cultural practices and herbicides is needed to develop an effective and economical weed control technique and to achieve maximum chickpea yield.
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