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پروفیسر انا مری شمل
پروفیسر انامری شمل
پروفیسر انامری شمل کی وفات علمی دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، ۲۷؍ جنوری کو اپنے گھر میں گرجانے کی وجہ سے ان کی وفات ہوگئی، وہ اس عہد کے ممتاز مستشرق تھیں، یورپ کی متعدد زبانوں کے علاوہ اردو، فارسی، عربی اور ترکی کی بھی ماہر تھیں، عربی میں ایک رسالہ بھی نکالا تھا اور قریباً ۵۰ کتابیں لکھیں۔
انہوں نے اپنی تمام عمر تحقیق اور علمی کاموں کے لیے وقف کردی تھی، مشرقی اور اسلامی علوم پر ان کی اچھی نظر تھی، ہندوستان کئی بار تشریف لائیں اور یہاں کے اصحاب علم و ذوق کو ان سے استفادے کا موقع ملا، اورینٹل اسٹڈیز میں انہوں نے جہاں مختلف مشرقی زبانوں پر کام کیا تھا وہاں اردو، غالب اور اقبال بھی ان کے مرکز توجہ رہے، ان کی وفات سے مشرقی زبانوں اور اردو کا بڑا نقصان ہوا، اس خلاَ کا پُر ہونا مشکل ہے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۲۰۰۳ء)
بزرگ افراد کے ساتھ مروجہ معاشرتی روىے
Mankind is scattered across the surface of the earth in the forms of different religious creeds, tribal affiliations, race, colour and nationalities. Yet they share some traits that are similar and universal to all human societies. These traits include love for children and respect for the elders. However, changing times have eroded some of these positive traits. The condition of senior citizens is not enviable in the West and those following in their footsteps. Children are not fulfilling their natural duty to their old parents, and quite often the elderly are forcefully kicked out of their own houses and accommodated in designated places for the old, run by the state welfare organizations.Evaluation of Acer Pentapomincum for Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles, its Characterization, Pharmacological Importance and Micropropagation
Acer pentapomicum (Family Aceraceae) is commonly known as maple plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate A. pentapomicum for biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles, its characterization, pharmacological importance and micro propagation. A. pentapomicum leaves mediated gold and silver nano-particles were successfully synthesized by reacting 1ml of aqueous leaves extract with different ratios of 1mM AuCl3 and AgNo3 solutions. The synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles were confirmed and characterized by visual observation, UV-Visible-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR analysis. Color change from yellowish to dark purple and to reddish brown confirmed the gold and silver nanoparticles synthesis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) were stable at 25-35°C, at pH 7-8 and in the presence of millimolar salt (NaCl) solution. Biosynthesized nanoparticles display a characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 568nm (AuNps) and 450nm (AgNps) in UV-Visible spectrum. SEM and EDX analysis also confirmed the presence and synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles with spherical morphology. XRD patterns reveals the cubic, face centered, crystalline nature of gold and silver nanoparticles. The leaves mediated silver nanoparticles, however, were efficiently produced at a temperature range of 35-55°C and an optimum pH of 6-7. The average size of the synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles found to be in the range of 18-25nm. The FTIR analysis of gold and silver nanoparticles affirmed the presence of certain biomolecules (carboxylic acid, flavonoids, phenols) that act as reducing and capping agent for leaves mediated nanoparticles synthesis. Agar well diffusion method was carried out for potent biocidal activities of gold and silver nanoparticles against different bacterial, fungal and candida strains. Both synthesized nanoparticles showed potent bactericidal, fungicidal and candidacidal activities. However, Klebseilla pneumonia with growth inhibition of 91% was the most susceptible microbe to gold nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities of A. pentapomicum (leaves and stem) extracted with different organic solvents were also evaluated using Agar disc diffusion and well diffusion bioassay. Leaves extracted samples showed better biocidal activities than stem extracted samples. The most susceptible bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (79-94%) and Escherichia coli (87-91%), while, the least susceptible was Staphylococcus aureus (26-50%). Citrobacter freundi was the most resistant microbe to different plant extracts. Aspergillus niger was the most inhibited fungal species by both stems and leaves extracts followed by Rizopus oryzae. Regarding the antioxidant activity, different plant extracts and its synthesized nanoparticles possessed proficient antioxidant activity. However, methanolic extract of leaves and ethyl acetate extract of stem recorded maximum antioxidant activity. Gold nanoparticles showed better antioxidant activity than silver nanoparticles. When evaluated for phytotoxic activity, all plant extracts proved to be toxic against Lemna minor, revealing Butanol extract with maximum toxicity (87%). The qualitative analysis of different solvent extracted fractions confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, fixed oil, carbohydrates, and proteins etc. A successful micro propagation protocol for the shooting was developed and it was found that full strength woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with BAP + IAA (2+0.5 mg l-1), recorded maximum shoot induction. Based on these results the plant can be efficiently used for safe, ecofriendly nanoparticles production, and as a biocidal, an antioxidant and a herbicidal agent.Journals by Discipline
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