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مقصدِ حیات

مقصد حیات

                ہم جو بھی پڑھتے ہیں اس سے متاثر ضرور ہوتے ہیں۔اسی طرح ناول نگار بھی کسی زندگی کی عکاسی کرتاہے اور جس زندگی کی عکاسی کر رہا ہوتا ہے وہ مقصد سے خالی نہیں ہوتی۔ناول نگار قاری کیاحساسات کے بارے میں آگاہ ہوتا ہے۔اس لیے وہ انسانی نفسیات کو سمجھتے ہوئے ایک کہانی تخلیق کرتا ہے۔ایک استاد کی طرح اپنی بات کو قاری کے ذہن تک پہنچانے کا مقصد صرف اور صرف یہ ہوتا ہے کہ ایک خاص قسم کا فلسفہ اس کے ذہن میں زبردستی ڈالا جاتا ہے۔

                ناول نگار نے بھی ایک مقصدی کہانی لکھی ہے۔ وہ اپنی اس کہانی کے ذریعے ہمیں کرپشن اور ملک سے غداری کرنے والوں کو بینقاب کررہے ہیں۔وہ سیکس انڈسٹری کی ایک واضح تصویر اور اس کے نتائج کو ہمارے سامنے پیش کررہے ہیں جوکہ ایک عمدہ قدم ہے۔یقیناًنو لکھی کوٹھی کے بعد ناطق کا یہ دوسرا انتہائی شاندار ناول ہے جو یاد رکھے جانے کے قابل ہوگا۔ہر موڑ قاری کو ایک نئی راہ سے متعارف کروارہا ہے شوبز کی دنیا ایک جھانسہ ہے۔ہمارے معاشرے میں چلتے پھرتے لوگوں کے بارے میں خلاصہ کیاگیا ہے۔جائیداد کا لالچ تو ایک الگ بات ،اس پہ نسل در نسل بات پر اس طرح مٹی ڈال دی جاتی ہے کہ وہ ایک معمہ بن جائے اور حل نہ ہوپائے۔ناطق نے بہت ہی جانب داری کا مظاہرہ کیا ہے اور محسوسات کے مطابق ایک مقصدی کہانی لکھی ہے۔

 

 

شاگرد کے خلاف تادیبی کاروائی کا دائرہ کار سنت نبوی اور فقہ اسلامی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Education is the development of the different aspects of human being like psychological, social and physical development etc. It is not only the provision of information but it is for the sake of guidance of students to make them beneficial human beings. A teacher inculcates good habits in students and tries to reduce or terminate bad habits in them. Therefore, the responsibility of teacher is to guide the students about good and bad along with improving their academics. But while doing so, the teacher should avoid the ways which can be harmful for the students. Therefore he (the teacher) should know how to guide the students and stop them from wrong doings. At what time what technique, he should adopt that can give benefits to students? He should be aware of the student’s psychology, their age and their abilities. Sometimes punishment is very much necessary for students to make them realize not to commit anything like this again. At this critical moment what can help the student and teacher? The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW), being a perfect teacher guided the Umma in this aspect. He used many skills as a teacher and taught his followers, how to guide their children and pupils. Many times the prophets would use to advise his followers on anywrong doing and that is why none of the followers repeated the same mistake. It is very important to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet in aspect. This research paper discusses the way of handling the students in different situations.

Ecology of Western Horned Tragopan Tragopan Melanocephalus in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Tragopan spp. belongs to Order Galliformes and Family Phasianidae. Pheasants own a central position in the food web and are important bio-indicators. Tragopan genera have five species; Satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyr), Western horned tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), Temminck’s tragopan (Tragopan temmincki), Cabot’s tragopan (Tragopan caboti) and Blyth’s tragopan (Tragopan blythi). Tragopan melanocephalus is a medium sized, brightly plumaged, dimorphic pheasant distributed in northeastern areas of Pakistan, India and China. IUCN listed Western horned tragopan as a vulnerable species in Pakistan. In Pakistan, Western horned tragopan is found in Palas and Kaghan valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province and Neelum valley in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Present study was conducted in Machiara National Park (MNP) of AJ&K to determine distribution of Western horned tragopan, population density, diet composition, habitat use and anthropogenic and natural factors that impose negative impacts on its population and habitat. Reconnaissance survey was conducted in the study area to identify potential habitats and distribution of Western horned tragopan. Information was gathered related to occurrence of Western horned tragopan from park workers and local people in the study area. Based on information from reconnaissance survey, Machiara and Serli Sacha were recognized as distribution sites of Western horned tragopan in the park. Quadrate method was used for vegetation sampling in the study area. Importance value index was calculated using cover and frequency of plant species. In Machiara, 34 plant species were identified in vegetation sampling while 17 plant species were recorded at Serli Sacha. Shrubs dominated the flora of study sites followed by trees, herbs and grasses. Call count method was used to assess Western horned tragopan population in study area and data was further used to calculate population density. A total of 11 calling sites at two localities were covered revealing overall population density index of 1.26/ Km2 at Machiara and 0.79/ Km2 at Serli Sacha. Micro-histological analysis of Western horned tragopan faecal droppings was carried out to identify diet composition. Eighty faecal samples were collected from study area during summer and winter seasons. Slides from faecal samples were prepared and compared with reference slides of plants collected from study area. Chi square test revealed that consumption of plants was significantly different between the two seasons at Machiara (P < 0.05). In Machiara, Western tragopan utilized 11 plant species during summer whereas in winter 12 plant species were consumed. Likewise, at Serli Sacha site faecal samples analysis showed that 14 plant species were consumed during summer season and 13 plant species in winter. Seasonal differences in Western horned tragopan’s diet were associated with changing proportions of plant species consumption. Questionnaire survey was conducted from park staff and local respondents to gather information related to major threats to Western tragopan population in the study area. Major threats in Machiara site included; hunting (40%), predation (20%), anthropogenic activities (18%), livestock pressure (14%), trade (12%), fuel wood collection (6%), agriculture (6%) and disease (4%). In Serli Sacha site major threats to Western horned tragopan population were livestock pressure (20%), human interference (18%), trade (14%), hunting (14%), predation (12%), disease in wild (10%), fuel wood collection (8%) and agriculture (4%). Machiara National Park management should initiate awareness program with local people to reduce threats affecting population of Western horned tragopan.
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